A.Featured Herbs: a.Joe Pye Weed b.Indian Pipe B.Previous Herbs 1.Adder's Tongue 2.Agrimony 3.Bayberry 4.Bedstraw 5.Beebalm 6.Bittersweet 7.Blueberry 8.Blue False Indigo 9.Bowman's Root 10.Chives 11.Clover 12.Cransbill 13.Elder 14.Goldenrod 15.Ground Ivy 16.Lady's Mantle 17.Marshmallow 18.Oregano 19.Peony 20.Soapwort 21.Strawberry 22.Quaking Aspen 23.Wood Sorrel 24.Wolfsbane 25.Yarrow A. Featured Herb a. Eupatorium purpureum Compositae "Joe Pye, or gravel root, has the same properties as boneset and has been used in fevers and gravel (kidney and bladder stones)." Rafinesque COMMON NAME : Sweet Joe-Pye Weed, Gravelroot, Hempweed, Joe-Pie, Jopi Weed, Trumpet Weed, Queen of the Meadow, Kidney Root, Fever Weed, Purple Boneset ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Venus GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Love, Respect DESCRIPTION : Joe Pye Weed is a perennial that grows 5-6 feet in height. The stem is greenish, rigid and partially hollow. It is erect and unbranched. There are purplish spots or bands where the leaves join the stem. The leaves are rough and crinkly above and downy underneath and have a scent similar to vanilla when crushed. They circle the stem in whorls of 3-5 every couple of inches up the stem. Joe Pye leaves are oblong, pointed, with edges coarsely and unequally toothed. The leaf stalks are short. Tubular flowers appear in dome shaped clusters from August through September. Color ranges from dull pink to purple. The root has a fragrance similar to old hay, with a slightly bitter taste. There are 40 species in the genus. Some of the other popular species include: Boneset, E. perfoliatum. This plant has pairs of grey-green leaves that join the stem by appearing to clasp it. There is no leaf stem. Stems are topped with loose flat clusters of chalk-white flowers. Spotted Joe Pye Weed, E. maculatum has a purple or purple-spotted stem. Leaves are hairy above and stems are topped with large pinkish purple flowers in a cluster. Hollow Joe Pye Weed, E. fistulosum, with a hollow stem. CULTIVATION : Joe Pye grows wild from Canada, south to Florida and west to Texas and the Dakotas. It prefers rich lowlands and the banks of streams, moist woods swamps or marshes. Grow it in full sun to part shade in rich well drained soil. Propagate Joe Pye from rootstock divisions in fall or cold treated seeds. Hardy to U.S. Zones 4-9 PART OF THE PLANT USED : The root, collected in autumn, and the flowers. PLANT ANALYSIS : Eupatorin, volatile oil, gallic acid, tannin, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, volatile oil, flavonoids and resin. MEDICINAL ACTION : Diaphoretic, aperient, tonic, antispasmodic, relaxes mucus membranes. MEDICINAL USE : Current uses for Joe Pye include : relief of associated symptoms accompanying influenza, for relief of aches, pains and fevers. It is thought to help clear the upper respiratory tract of mucous congestion. Its mild aperient activity should help clear the body of built up waste and ease constipation. For flu symptoms, it may be combined with yarrow, elder flowers, cayenne or ginger. It may be used as a diuretic and astringent. DOSAGE : Eupatorium perfolatum and all Eupatoriums may cause kidney and liver damage, internal hemorrhaging and severe intestinal problems. Do not use without proper supervision. In large doses it is emetic, and, like many herbs, can be toxic if used in a casual way. For an infusion : 1-2 teaspoon of the dried herb to 1 cup boiling water. Infuse 10-15 minutes. To be drunk as hot as you can stand it, every half hour. For a tincture : 2-4 ml 3 times a day. MAGICKAL USE : Use Joe Pye weed in rituals or spells for love and/or respect. HISTORY : The name Eupatorium is from Eupator (Mithridates Eupator, King of Parthis 120-63 BCE.) He said to have discovered the medicinal effectiveness of this family. The common name Joe Pye is said to be the name of a Native American that helped early colonists cure fevers and outbreaks of typhus using this plant. Early settlers used the leaves and root to produce profuse sweating needed to break fevers. The native Cherokee used the root of E. purpureum in a decoction with similar plants that were not identified, for difficulty in urination. The native Meskwakis used E. purpureum as a love medicine. Joe Pye was used by the Iroquois and Cherokees as a diuretic. The Ojibwa used Joe Pye to strengthen a child. They would wash the child with a strong solution for first 6 years of its life. Potawatomi Native Americans used the fresh leaves in poultices for healing burns and the flowering tops as good luck talismans. The Chippewa used a decoction of the root as a warm wash for inflammation of the joints, or in a child's bath to induce sleep. Uses of E. purpureum in the past include : dropsy, gravel, gout, rheumatism, chronic renal and cystic trouble. In July of 1996 the AHPA Board of Trustees recommended that all products with botanical ingredients that contain toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids display this caution : "For external use only. Do not apply to broken or abraded skin. Do not use when nursing." This warning includes Joe Pye Weed. E. purpureum was in the U.S. Pharmacopeia from 1820-42. All members of this family were listed as a diuretic, stimulant, astringent, emetic, and cathartic. LORE : Put a leaf of Joe Pye in your mouth while making advances to the opposite sex. You will be successful. Gamblers had been known to carry a few leaves as a good luck charm. When you want others to look upon you with respect, carry a few leaves of this plant. Text of Eupatorium purpureum © 2001 AutumnCrystal GreyWing b. Monotropa uniflora Pyrolaceae "American Aborigines... valued a mixture of the juice with water highly as a soothing and curative measure." Millspaugh circa 1880 COMMON NAME : Indian Pipe, American Iceplant, Bird's nest, Broomrape, Convulsion root, Convulsion weed, Corpse plant, Death plant, Fairy smoke, Ghost flower, Iceplant, One-flowered waxplant, Ova ova, Pipe plant, Waxplant ELEMENT :Water RULING PLANET : Moon GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Healing after loss of a loved one. DESCRIPTION : Monotropa uniflora contains no chlorophyll and so photosynthesis is impossible. Indian pipe is a perennial that grows 3-9 inches high and has a white, thick, translucent stem that is covered with scaly bracts. The stem terminates in a solitary nodding flower that is 1/2 to 1 inch long. The flower color ranges from white to salmon pink. There are 4-5 petals, 10-12 stamens, and a single pistil. Indian pipe flowers have no scent. Flowers appear June - September. The floral bracts are elliptic to ovate. The calyx consists of 4-5 sepals often similar to petals. The corolla consists of 3-6 imbricate (regular pattern of overlapping) petals. The plant has been described as "resembling frozen jelly." It is very tender and succulent. It seems to melt and dissolve to the touch like ice. If picked, Indian pipe turns black quickly. It also turns black as the fruit matures. Monotropa uniflora has no green leaves. The leaves of Indian pipe are whitish and reduced to scales. The fruit is an ovoid capsule that becomes enlarged and erect as the seeds mature. The root is dark and brittle. Monotropa is a member of the Wintergreen family (Pyrolaceae), containing 10 genera in North America. This family includes pine-drops and beech-drops. There has been some confusion about the family to which M. uniflora belongs. There is a reference to B. and B. claiming this plant as the family Ericaceae, which in incorrect. The B. and B. taken to mean Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora. Indian pipe should not to be confused with a similar plant Mesembryanthemum crystallignon, the Ice-plant of Europe. CULTIVATION : Indian pipe grows in woodland humus. The plant is saprophytic meaning it receives its nourishment from decayed organic material. It can be found growing wild from Newfoundland to Washington, south to Florida, California and Central America. Best in rich, moist soil, or soil composed of decayed wood and leaves. It loves to be at the base of trees. PART OF THE PLANT USED : The root is the part used; it should be gathered in September and October, carefully dried, pulverized, and kept in well-stoppered bottles. PLANT ANALYSIS : Glycosides, Salicylic acid. MEDICINAL ACTION : Monotropa uniflora is considered an antispasmodic, tonic, sedative, and nervine, diaphoretic. MEDICINAL USE : The plant is rarely used in the present day. The juice of the plant used alone or combined with water helps ophthalmic inflammation, ulcers, gonorrhoea, and inflammation and ulceration of the bladder. Because of the Salicylic acid, the base of asprin, M. unifora is considered a pain reliever. An infusion has been used for sore, tired swollen eyes. A tea is made from equal parts juice of Indian pipe and fennel seed. Add the infusion of Indian pipe to douche to help ease vaginal irritations. DOSAGE : WARNING- Safety is undetermined and it is possibly toxic as it contains several glycosides. It is not recommended that you use this plant internally. MAGICKAL USE : Use in rituals to honor and let go of a loved one who has died. HISTORY : The common name corpse plant is from the waxy bluish appearance of this plant and the resemblance it has to the dead. The plant also decomposes quickly and turns black when handled. The common name Convulsion Root derives from the past use for convulsions and other spasmodic afflictions in children The common name Indian Pipe and Pipe plant derive from it's pipe-like appearance. Scientific name Monotropa uniflora, the name meaning "once-turned" and "single-flowered." The one turn refers to the flowers facing the ground then turning straight up once seed production begins. Monotropa uniflora was included in The Canada Pharmacopiea in 1868. Native Americans used the juice of Indian pipe mixed with water for an eye lotion. The root was chewed by the native Cree for toothaches. It was also used externally for inflamed eyes and bunions and warts. Dried roots used in powder form was used for epilepsy and convulsions in children. M. uniflora was used in the past as a sedative and as a replacement for opium to help with restlessness, pain, and nervous irritability and various nervous conditions. LORE : None found © 2000 AutumnCrystal GreyWing Magickal Associations are GreyWing's own. B. Previous Herbs 1. Erythronium americanum(Adder's Tongue) COMMON NAMES: Adder's Tongue, Dog's Tooth Violet, American Adder's Tongue, Yellow Snowdrop, Serpent's Tongue This plant was rarely used by Native Americans. European settlers considered Adder's Tongue to have similar properties to Meadow Saffron(Colchicum autumnale). It was listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States from 1820-1863 as a treatment for gout. ELEMENT: Water RULING PLANET: Moon GENDER: Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS: Healing DESCRIPTION: The stem is slender and only a few inches high. A pair of oblong, dark-green, purplish-blotched leaves connected near the ground. The leaves are about 2 1/2 inches long and 1 inch wide, minutely wrinkled, with parallel, longitudinal veins. The stem ends in a large, pendulous, lily like flower, about 1 inch across. Flowers appear in late April and early May. CULTIVATION:Adder's Tongue grows best in a woodland setting.Part sun to mostly shade and deep,moist loamy soils. PARTS OF PLANT USED:Leaves, roots COLLECTION: You may collect leaves anytime, roots are best collected in the fall. PLANT ANALYSIS, BODILY INFLUENCE: Little is known of the constituents of Dog's Tooth. It is known to contain alpha- methylenebutyrolactone. This plant is an emetic, emollient, antisorbutic when fresh. It is a nutritive when dry. MEDICINAL USES:When made into a tea with horsetail grass (Equisetum hyemate), Dog's Tooth Violet is a good agent for conditions of bleeding or ulcers of bowels, or for tumors and inflammation of the bowels. This plant is also a quick relief for nose bleeds and it also aids sore eyes. The fresh roots and leaves may be simmered in milk. This is beneficial in dropsy, hiccups,vomiting and bleeding of the bowels. The juice of the plant, when infused in apple cider, is found to be beneficial for these ailments also. Leaves that are fresh and straight off the plant are rarely used although they are strongly emetic. Dog's Tooth Violet, when boiled in water, is a panacea for wounds and a reducer of inflammation. Used to heal scrofulous skin ulcers and tumors. LORE: According to Culpepper, this plant is under Moon and Cancer. Therefore, if the weakness is suspected to be caused by an evil influence of Saturn in any part of the body that is governed by the Moon or dominated by Cancer, this herb will cure it. DOSAGE: Internal - 1 teaspoon of dried leaves or root to 1 cup of water. Drink a cupful per day. External - Use fresh leaves. Bruise the leaves and follow the information above. Apply to infected part 3 or more times a day. MAGICKAL USES: Soak in cold water. Remove from water and wrap in cloth then apply to wound or bruise. Leave in place until the bundle is warm. Remove, then bury in a muddy place. The wound will then be cured. 2. AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA(Agrimony) Perennial COMMON NAMES: Agrimony, church steeples, sticklewort ELEMENT: Air RULING PLANET: Jupiter GENDER: Masculine MAGICKAL POWERS: Protection, sleep DESCRIPTION: This herb has dark green hairy leaves and stalks. The leaves are odd, pinnate and alternate on the stalk. The stalks are mostly unbranched. The average size is 2-3 feet wide and up to 5 feet high. the yellow flowers are quite small (3/8 of an inch across). Blooms appear in June through September. They have a spicy apricot scent, and the whole plant is aromatic. The seeds are enclosed in a bristly burr that sticks to almost anything that brushes against it. CULTIVATION : Plant Agrimony in full sun in ordinary garden soil PART OF THE PLANT USED : All aerial parts of this plant may be used COLLECTION: The best time ot collect the flowers is when the plant is just starting to bloom. The leaves and stems may be collected anytime. Dry in a shady spot where the temperature does not exceed 40 degrees c. PLANT ANALYSIS: Agrimony contains tannins, glycosidal bitters, nicontic acid, silicic acid, iron, vitamins B and K MEDICINAL USES: The plant has an astringent action on the digestive system. It is useful for bowel complaints such as, diarrhoea and relaxed bowels, chronic mucus diseases, asthma, fevers and colds. In a poultice it is helpful for bruises. A tea may be drunk for use as a diuretic, or used as a gargle for a sore throat. A wine decoction may be used on the skin to draw out thorns and splinters. It has been given to cattle with respiratory problems. LORE : This plant has been used since classical times. The Greek physician Galen said agrimony was " very beneficial for the bowels". The later Anglo-Saxon herbalists recommended agrimony mixed with human blood and pounded frogs for internal bleeding. Medieval manuscripts contain many spells that use agrimony. To enchant someone and to make them sleep, a medieval author recommends the following: Take agrimony a fair deal' And lay it under his head at night. For of his sleep shall he not waken Till it from under his head be taken. DOSAGE: Adult: as a tea, 1/2 teacup sized portion every 4 hours, sweeten with honey or maple syrup MAGICAL USES: Use in sachets and in spells for protection, and to banish negative energy. Also used to reverse spells sent against the magician. But being Wiccan, this should not be necessary. Remember the rule of 3. Don't hex anyone because it will come back to you three times as hard. Put a sprig of agrimony under your pillow to help you sleep. Agrimony was once used to detect the presence of witches. 3. Myrica pensylvanica(Bayberry) Family Myricaceae COMMON NAMES : Wax Myrtle, Bayberry, Candleberry, American Vegetable Wax, Arbre a suif, Tallow Shrub, Wachsgagle ELEMENT : Earth RULING PLANET : Jupiter GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Money, Draws Wealth DESCRIPTION : Bayberry is a member of the wax myrtle family noted for the plants ability to enrich the soil through nitrogen fixing bacteria found in its root nodules. Leaves are oblong or lanceolat, sparingly toothed. Above, they are dark green and shiny, paler below. They are dotted on both sides and are 1-4 inches long. The leaves are fragrant when rubbed. The flowers are unisexual and have no calyx or corolla and appear in early spring. Berries appear in small groups in midsummer. A waxy secretion covers the leathery foliage and berries. The bark is brownish-grey and smooth. It is a native American shrub, growing up to 40 ft in optimum conditions, but is usually low and spreading. Myrica pensylvanica is the northern variety, hardy to zone 2. This Myrica grows to 8 feet high.Pale green flowers appear in May. In colder areas this plant is deciduous, but it acts as an evergreen in mild climates. CULTIVATION : Bayberry does best in full sun. It prefers soil that is sandy and infertile. Bayberry is very tolerant of salt and may be planted on road sides that are sanded and salted in winter. Soil pH 5.0-6.0. Zones 2-6. COLLECTION : Berries gathered from September to early December. Early morning after dew evaportates and before the sun reduces the oil content of leaves. Leaves snipped directly from the bush should be taken from the upper part of the branch near the terminal bud to ensure bushy growth. Leave whole to retain full flavor. The root bark is gathered in late autumn. Wash, then separate the bark from the root by pounding with a hammer, then dry thoroughly. When totally dry, break into smaller pieces, (it will be brittle). Keep in well-sealed, dark jars. PARTS OF THE PLANT USED : Root bark, berries, leaves PLANT ANALISIS : This plant contains tannin and gallic acids, acrid and astringent resins, volatile oil, starch, albumen, and an acid resembling saponin. Myristic, palmitic and stearic acids are found in the wax. MEDICINAL USES : Myrica acts as a general and special stimulant to the mucous membranes. It does not increase body temperature. It is also aids in digestion. Bayberry increases uturine contractions. This helps in cases of uterine hemorrhages due to miscarriages or other causes. Cotton soaked with a solution of tea can be used to pack the uterus. It will help excessive menstruation and hemorrhage. Bayberry bark, when chewed, will ease the pain of toothache. A tea made from the leaves may be used to treat fevers and diarrhea, scrofula, etc. Tea from bayberry has also been recommended for sore throats, and jaundice. It is considered excellent for gums. Leucorrhoea is helped by a douche. Sniffing powdered bayberry is supposed to relieve nasal congestion. Externally, when the powdered bark is used, it acts as a stimulant to indolent ulcers. If used in a poultice, bayberry should be combined with elm. Ulcers, cuts bruises, and insect bites are helped by using a poultice using the root of this plant. MEDICINAL ACTION : Bayberry is an astringent, a circulatory stimulant, and diaphoretic. Bayberry is emetic in large doses. DOSAGE : In a decoction, put 1 teaspoonful of the bark into a cup of cold water. Bring this to a boil. Let steep for 15 minutes. Drink 3 times a day. To use the powdered root bark, add it to 1 cup of water. Bring to a boil then reduce heat and simmer for about 10 minutes. Do not strain. Stir well before drinking. Take up to 2 cups per day. It may cause nausea and slight pain in some people. This will pass and the stimulant action will take effect. In a tincture, take 1-3 ml 3 times a day. MAGICKAL USES : Use Myrica in any spell or ritual for drawing money. HISTORY : Alexander introduced the medicinal use of the bayberry wax in 1722. It has been used for softening shaving cream and in surgeon's soap plasters. An early American herbal states that there is not an ailment that bayberry, if wisely given,would not relieve. Bayberry has been used in folk medicine for its astringent properties as well as it stimulant, and tonic properties. It is also used to make candles. It takes 1 bushel of berries to make 4 pounds of wax. LORE : None found CULINARY : The aromatic leaves are used to flavor chowders, bisques, fish and game dishes and may be used as a substitute for bay leaf. THE WAX : The wax melts at 47-49 degrees C. (116.6 to 120.2 F.). It is hard and brittle, more so than beeswax. 4. Galium verum Rubiaceae-Bedstraw "The people in Cheshire, especially about Namptwich, where the best cheese is made, do use it in their Rennet, esteeming greatly of that Cheese above others made without it." Gerard, 1633 COMMON NAMES : Our Lady's Bedstraw, Yellow Bedstraw, Maid's Hair, Petty Mugget, Cheese Renning, Cheese Rennet, Fleawort, Goosegrass, Gravel-Grass, Milksweet, Poor-Robin, Savoyan-Clabbergrass, Yellow Cleavers ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Venus GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Bedstraw may be worn or carried to attract love. DESCRIPTION : Galium verum is a perennial that grows 1-3 feet tall. It has wiry, square stems. The leaves are narrow, linear, 1/2 to 1 inch long and minutely hairy on the underside. They are arranged 6-8 leaves in whorls on the stems. Bedstraw will flower in spring to late summer. The flowers are tiny clusters of yellow, branching from the main stems. Plant has no odor but a bitter taste. CULTIVATION : Bedstraw prefers deep, light, rich, well-drained soil. This plant will tolerate full sun to light shade. It is hardy to zone 4. Propagation is by seed or root division in spring. PART OF THE PLANT USED : All parts of G. verum is used. PLANT ANALYSIS : Constituents include glycoside asperuloside, gallotannic acid, citric acid. MEDICINAL ACTIONS : G. verium is considered an alterative, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, aperient, astringent, blood purifier, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, hemostyptic, lymphagogue, lymphatic alterative, mild astringent, mild diuretic, refrigerant, skin alterative, tonic, and a urinary tract alterative. MEDICINAL USE : G. verum's traditional uses include : abdominal distention, abrasions, arthritis, bladder disorders, breast cancer, burns, cancer, cystitis, dropsy, dysuria, fever, furuncle, hematuria, hypertension, jaundice, kidney disorders, leukemia, lymphadenitis, lymphadenopathy, nephritis, obesity, psoriasis, skin disorders, scurvy, sores, strangury, tonsillitis, tumor, ulcer, urinary calculi, and cystic and prostatic irritation in older men. Bedstraw has been used in combination with poke, echinacea or calendula for the lymphatic system. Combine this plant with yellow dock or burdock for skin conditions. It is often combined with bearberry for diuretic purposes. DOSAGE : For an infusion use 2-3 teaspoonfuls of the herb to 1 cup boiling water. Infuse 10-15 minutes. To be taken 3 times a day, or as directed by a health care professional. In a tincture, take 2-4 ml 3 times a day, or as directed by a health care professional. MAGICKAL USES : Carry a sprig of bedstraw in a locket to bring love your way. Use this plant in any spell or ritual for love. HISTORY : The name Galium is from the Greek gala, meaning milk. The plant has an enzyme that causes milk to curdle. It was used in cheese making to make the milk curdle faster. The common name Cheese Rennet is from this ability to curdle milk. In the 16th century Galum was used to color cheese. Bedstraw was once used as a dye and coloring for butter. The common name of Petty Mugget is from the French petit muguet, a little dandy. G. verum has a long history of use as a filler for mattresses. The stems stay flexible even after drying. LORE : It is said Mary used a white flowering G. verum to prepare Jesus's bed. From then on it only flowered in a golden color. From this story we arrive at the common name Our Lady's Bedstraw. Another version of the story says Mary used bracken fern as bedding, but this arrogant plant refused to acknowledge the Christ Child. Bracken gave up its flowers for this sin. Bedstraw was just blossoming at this time, welcoming the child, and miraculously its white flowers changed to golden. If you gather bedstraw in early spring and cook it with mutton broth, you will loose weight. CULINARY : The flowering tips, when distilled with water, are said to yield a pleasant summer drink. It also makes an excellent vegetable. OTHER USES : The stem and leaves of the Galium yield a good yellow dye. The roots yield a light red when alum used as a mordant, or purplish red with chrome. Property of GreyWing's Herbal and The Manor-House for Wiccan Studies © 5. Monarda didyma(Beebalm) Family Labiatae COMMON NAMES : Beebalm, Bergamot, Oswego Tea, Indian Plume, Fragrant Balm, Mountain Mint, Golden Melissa, Indian Nettle, Blue Balm, High Balm, Low Balm, Mountain Balm ELEMENT : Air RULING PLANET : Moon GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Healing, Love, Protection,Developing psychic powers DESCRIPTION : Monarda didyma has a square, hairy stem. These stems are also hard, grooved and bear deep green, ovate, sharply toothed (serrated) leaves that are 3-6 inches long. The leaves are paired and have hairs on the lower side. This plant grows 2-3 feet high. The flowers appear in large whorls at the top of the stem, supported by leafy bracts. The leaflets of the bracts are pale green tinged with red. Other varieties include : M. fistulosa, common name Wild Bergamot. M. punctata, common name Horsemint. CULTIVATION : Monarda prefers full sun to light shade with rich organic soil. Propagation is easy, roots creep in all directions. This plant is also propagated by slips or cuttings. Flowers appear in July and August, through September. Monarda is susceptible to powdery mildew, so give it space for air circulation. Zones 4-9 soil. pH 6.5. PARTS OF THE PLANTS USED : The leaves and flowers of Monarda are used. To harvest, cut the plant down to 1 inch above the ground as soon as the lower leaves begin to yellow. Leaves for tea are cut as needed. For the best flavor, strip the leaves from the stems and lay out to dry for 2 or 3 days in a warm shady place. If you dry them any longer than this the leaves may discolour, producing a tea with less flavor. PLANT ANALYSIS : Monarda contains thymol, an antiseptic against fungi, bacteria and some parasites. MEDICINAL USE : Use this plant in an infusion for coughs, sore throats, nausea, flatulence, and menstrual cramps. MEDICINAL ACTION : Carminative, rubefacient, stimulant. Thymol from M. punctata is considered strongest. DOSAGE : As an infusion : Pour a cup of boiling water onto 1 teaspoonful of the herb and infuse for about 15 minutes. Drink three times a day. MAGICKAL USE : Use Monarda in spells and rituals for developing psychic powers,protection, or fertility. HISTORY : The name Monarda is from Nicholas Monardes (1493-1588), a Spanish botanist. Didyma is from the Greek word meaning "paired or twinned." This refers to the two stamens in each flower. Monarda was discovered by colonists in New York State. The place is now named Otsego after the the Native Americans that lived there. The name Ostego is often reported as Oswego. When settlers arrived, they learned of a beebalm tea brewed by the Native Americans. It was used as a medicine and also for pleasure. This tea became popular, and during the Revolutionary War, replaced black tea. In the mid-1700's, an outpost was set on Lake Ontario by John Bartram of Philadelphia. Bartram gathered some Monarda seeds from the outskirts of the post and them to England. It then traveled to Europe. Oil from the plant was used as soap or perfume. CULINARY : Mix Monarda with Indian black tea and you have a copy of the famous Earl Grey Tea. Add the fresh flowers of Monarda to salads or use as a garnish. It will add a taste reminiscent of citrus. Use fresh, whole or chopped leaves for duck,pork, meat sausages, and curries. The flavor of Monarda works well with strawberries, apples, oranges, tangerines, and melons. Photograph of Monarda didyma 'Croftway Pink' © 1997 by AutumnCrystal GreyWing Magickal Associations of this plant are GreyWing's, as none appear in any herbal references, including, but not limited to, works listed in the bibliography of this site. Research for this herb included postings to herbal folklore, mythology, wiccan, and Native American Newsgroups, all with no magickal associations of this plant. You may or may not agree with the associations GreyWing assigns. That decision is left to the reader. 6. Solanum dulcamara Solanaceae-Bittersweet "The juice is good for those that have fallen from high places, and have been thereby bruised or beaten, for it is thought to dissolve blood congealed or cluttered anywhere in the intrals and to heale the hurt places." Gerard COMMON NAMES : Bittersweet Nightshade, Climbing Nightshade, Bittersweet, Bittersweet Herb, Bittersweet Stems, Blue Nightshade, Garden Nightshade, Staff Vine, Violet Bloom, Woody Nightshade, Blue-Bindweed, Dogwood, Fellen, Fellenwort, Fevertwig, Poison-Bittersweet, Wolf-Grape, Wood-Nightshade, Scarlet Berry ELEMENT : Air RULING PLANET : Mercury GENDER : Masculine MAGICKAL POWERS : Protection, Healing DESCRIPTION : Bittersweet nightshade is a climbing plant that grows 2 to 8 feet long. It has loose, flattish clusters of drooping blue or violet star-shaped flowers on short lateral or terminal penducles. The flowers have a distinctive yellow "beak" in center and are 1/2 inches wide, the corolla is 5 lobed. There are 5 stamens, with the yellow anthers forming a central cone. This plant flowers May-September. The stems are ashy green and somewhat angular, and are woody. The leaves are 3 1/2 inches long and are usually halberd-shaped with 2 basal lobes. The lower leaves are heart shaped. They may also be cordate, lanceolate to ovate in shape. They are dark green or purplish when young, and are alternate. The leaf stems have unpleasant odor that is lost when dried. This plant often has flowers, green berries, and ripe red berries all at the same time. The root is long and almost orange colored. CULTIVATION : This perennial woody vine is found in moist areas, around houses, hedges and thickets in eastern and north central states, pacific coast and Europe. In the garden, it likes partial sun and well-drained soil. COLLECTION : The twigs and root bark are collected after foliage has fallen. Collect twigs from 2-3 year old branches after the leaves fall. Cut pieces about 1/2 inches long and dry carefully. The active properties of woody nightshade are most developed when the plant grows in dry and exposed situations. The bitterness is more pronounced in spring than autumn. PART OF THE PLANT USED : The bark of the root, and twigs of woody nightshade are used. PLANT ANALYSIS : The leaves and unripe fruit contain the alkaloid solanine. This plant also contains dulcamarine (bittersweet taste), sugar gum, starch, and resin. It is sometimes called deadly nightshade, but should not be confused with Atropa belladonna, a member of the same family. Woody nightshade is not fatal, but will cause poisoning if eaten in quantity. MEDICINAL ACTIONS : Woody nightshade is considered an anodyne, diuretic, emetic, herpatic, purgative, alterative, diaphoretic, discutient, deobstruent, narcotic, and resolvent. The solanine acts narcotically, in large doses it causes paralysis of the central nervous system without affecting the peripheral nerves or voluntary muscles. It slows the heart and respiration, lowers body temperature and causes vertigo and delirium, ending with death and convulsions. MEDICINAL USE : The primary contemporary use of woody nightshade is as an alterative in skin diseases, such as obstinate skin eruptions, scrofula and ulcers. In the past, this plant was recommended for chronic bronchial catarrh, asthma, and whooping cough, chronic rheumatism, and jaundice. Even though woody nightshade contains a relatively weak poison it is used almost exclusively for external problems. Combine this plant with camomile to make a good ointment for swellings, bruises, sprains, and corns. Combine with yellow dock for skin diseases and sores. DOSAGE : DO NOT TAKE INTERNALLY, CONSIDERED A POISON. Wrong dosages cause vomiting, faintness, vertigo, convulsive muscular movements, weakened heart action and paralysis. MAGICKAL USE : Place a twig of woody nightshade beneath your pillow to help forget a past love. Carry a twig close to your body for protection. HISTORY : The name Solaanum is derived from Solor meaning "I ease." Dulcamara is a corruption of amaradulcis, a word from the Middle Ages, meaning bittersweet. The name bittersweet is said to come from the fact that portions of the plant first taste bitter then sweet when chewed. This plant was called woody nightshade by old herbalists to distinguish it from deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna. Woody nightshade was used in England to counteract the effect of witchcraft. It is a plant native to Europe. The Dutch physician Boerhaave is said to have considered the young shoots of woody nightshade superior to sarsaparilla as a restorative. Linnaeus used it as a remedy for rheumatism, fever and inflammatory diseases of all kinds. Woody nightshade was listed in British Pharmacopoeia in 1907, but had been removed from later editions. LORE : To protect against and to remove evil from humans and animals, tie a small piece of woody nightshade on the body. Tie a twig of woody nightshade around your neck to cure vertigo or dizziness. Property of GreyWing's Herbal © 7. Vaccinium corymbosum Ericaceae(Blueberry) "bilberries are good in hot agues, and to cool the heat of the liver and stomach: they do somewhat bind the belly and stay the vomitings and loathings... Culpeper COMMON NAMES : Blueberries, Bilberry, Bluets, Whortleberries, Ground-hurts, Trackleberry, Huckleberry, Blea-berry, Hurtleberry ELEMENT : Earth RULING PLANET : Jupiter GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Money, Prosperity, Legal matters, Luck DESCRIPTION : Blueberry is a multi-stemmed shrub with green or red twigs that grows to 5 feet. The leaves are 1 1/2 - 3 inches long and are elliptic to egg shaped or broadly lance shaped. They are pointed to rounded at the base and pointed at the tip. The leaves are smooth above, somewhat hairy beneath, and are on short stalks. The urn shaped flowers are in terminal clusters that appear June-August. Colors of the flowers range from white to faintly pink and are 1/4 - 1/2 inches long with a 5 toothed corolla. The fruit is blue with whitish bloom. CULTIVATION : Blueberry is a native plant ranging from Quebec, south to Georgia, and west to Alabama. Plant in moist but moderately well-drained soil that is slightly acid. PARTS OF PLANT USED : The leaves and fruit of this plant are used. PLANT ANALYSIS : Vaccinium corymbosum contains quinic acid, iron, and tannins. MEDICINAL ACTION : This plant is considered astringent, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antidiarrheal, antiedemic, antihyperglycemic, antiulcer, astringent, circulatory stimulant, diuretic, laxative, antihepatotoxic, refrigerant, antidiabetic, tonic, antemetic, and urinary antiseptic. MEDICINAL USE : Vaccinium has been used for acute diarrhea, atherosclerosis, bleeding gums, calculi, cataracts, degenerative retinal conditions, diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, dropsy, dysentery, dyspepsia, eyestrain, mild enteritis, nearsightedness, night blindness, poor eyesight, retinitis pigmentosa, sinusitis, sore throat, stomatitis, typhoid fever, ulcer, and varicose veins. A decoction of leaves or bark of root may be used on ulcers. The fruit is said to be helpful in scurvey and urinary complaints. The roots, when bruised and steeped in gin, are said to have diuretic properties. Blueberry juice has been used as a gargle for inflammations of the mouth and throat. The effect is stronger if you swallow as late as possible. DOSAGE : Tablet form, 1 to 2 tablets three times a day, as directed by health care professional. Extract: 1 to 3 teaspoons times a day, as directed by health care professional. Always take with plenty of water at mealtime, unless instructed otherwise. In a decoction of leaves : drink 2-3 cups day. HISTORY : The common name "whortleberry" is said to be a variant of dialect name "hurtleberry." The meaning of "hurt" is unknown. In Scotland, the common name "blea-berry" is from Old North County word "blae" meaning livid or bluish. The syrup of blueberries was used by ancient Greeks to control the flow of mothers milk. The berries were listed as a medicinal drug by Abbess Hildegarde of Germany in the 12th century. The berries were used in Europe to color wine. Native Americans used the leaf tea as blood purifier, also for colic, labor pain, and a tonic after miscarriage. The fumes of burning, dried flowers were inhaled as a cure for "madness" by the Chippewa. Blueberry tea was also used to tan leather because of the astringent properties of the leaves. Potawatomi lined the gathering baskets with leaves of sweet fern claiming it kept the berries from spoiling. LORE : To avoid stomach aches or fevers for that year, pick and eat the berries on a midsummer day. CULINARY : Blueberries are used fresh to make pies, cobblers and upside down cakes. Preserves, butter and pate are made with the canned fruit. The berries are also made into a blueberry wine. The berries eaten by birds, bear, an many small mammals. The twigs and foliage are eaten by deer and rabbits. Property of GreyWing's Herbal © **Some Magickal Associations of this plant are GreyWing's, as few references to such were found. Research including, but not limited to, works listed in the bibliography of this site give little magickal information on this plant. You may or may not agree with the associations GreyWing assigns. That decision is left to the reader.** 8. Baptisia australis Fabaceae(Leguminosae) "I do not know whether the practice of putting indigo-weed about horse's tackling to keep off flies is well founded, but I hope it is, for I have been pleased to notice that wherever I have occasion to tie a horse I am sure to find indigo-weed not far off, and therefore this, which is so universally dispersed, would be the fittest weed for this purpose." Thoreau 1850 COMMON NAME : Blue False Indigo, Indigo Weed, Rattleweed, Rattlebush, Horse Fly Weed ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Venus GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Protection DESCRIPTION : Baptisia is a tall perennial, growing 4-6 feet. The foliage is grey-green. The leaves are divided into clover-like leaflets that are obovate (wider at the tips.) Flower spikes appear in June. The upright racemes have deep blue to violet flowers similar to sweet pea that are to 1 inch in size. Baptisia is considered a good flower for arrangements. The sap of Baptisia turns purple when exposed to air. The fruit is bluish-black, oblong, ending in a sharp tip, and is about 1 1/2-2 inches long. This seed pod yields a blue dye similar to true indigo but not as valuable. The seeds are yellow-brown, kidney shaped and about 2mm in size. The seeds rattle in the pod, hence the common name rattleweed. The pods are good in dried arrangements. The root is woody and blackish in color. Do not confuse this plant with Baptisa tinctoria, wild indigo, but it may be used the same way. CULTIVATION : Baptisia likes lime free, dry or stony soil in full sun to part shade. It may escape some gardens and can be found growing wild in rich, light woods and along streams. Hardy in zones 3-8. False blue indigo may be propagated by seed or cuttings. PART OF THE PLANT USED : The bark of the root is harvested in autumn. The leaves may be harvested anytime. PLANT ANALYSIS : This plant contains alkaloids, glycosides, oleoresin, quinolizidine, alkaloids, glycoproteins, and hydroxycumarins. MEDICINAL ACTION : Baptisia has been used as an antiseptic, anti-catarrhal, febrifuge, and stimulant purgative. MEDICINAL USE : This plant is said to stimulate immune responses to infection, and is used for ear nose and throat problems, laryngitis, tonsillitis, as a wash for mouth ulcers, and a douche for leucorrhea. DOSAGE : Baptisia is considered toxic. Do not use this plant unless under the supervision of a trained qualified practitioner. It is not for long term use and not to be used if pregnant. MAGICKAL USE : Use Baptisia in spells or rituals of protection. Keep a leaf in your pocket or add to an amulet for protection. HISTORY : The genus name is from the Greek baptizein "to dye." Baptisia has been used as substitute for true indigo dye. Native Americans used root tea of False blue indigo as an emetic and purgative. A cold tea was given to stop vomiting, a root poultice used as an anti-inflammatory, and bits of the root were held in the mouth to treat toothaches. Baptisia species is being investigated for use as a potential stimulant of the immune system. A decoction of stems has been used for pneumonia, tuberculosis and influenza, tips of stems combined with twigs of the Utah juniper, Juniperus osteosperma, have been used as a kidney medicine. Baptisia has also been used as a tea for smallpox and externally as a cleansing wash. Trials using the extract of Baptisia to treat typhoid fever were made in the early 19th century. Current uses for this plant include: infection of upper respiratory tract, common cold, tonsillitis, stomatitis, inflammation of mucous membrane, fever, ointment for painless ulcers, inflamed nipples. Over-medicating will produce vomiting, diarrhea, gastrointestinal complaints, and spasms due to quinolizidine aldaloid content. LORE : Wild blue indigo is said to repel flies when kept near farm animals. Hang a bunch of Baptisia off the tack of a working animal. Text © 2000 AutumnCrystal GreyWing 9. Gillenia trifoliata Rosaceae Bowman's Root "The active power of the root seems to reside exclusively in the bark. It is a safe and efficacious emetic... It has accordingly been thought peculiarly beneficial in the intermittent fever, and it is often given to horses to mend their appetite." Dr. Benjamin Barton 1798 COMMON NAMES : Bowman's Root, Indian Physic, American Ipacacuanha, Gillenia, Indian Hippo, Western Dropwort, Beaumont root ELEMENT : Fire RULING PLANET: Mars GENDER : Masculine MAGICKAL POWERS : Courage, Strength DESCRIPTION : Bowman's root has erect white or pinkish flowers, about 1 1/2 inches wide. The flowers are in loose terminal panicles. The 5 petals are narrow, oblique, irregular, and almost stalkless. It flowers May - July. The leaves are 2-4 inches long, toothed, with tiny stipules. They are also alternate and divided into three, nearly stalkless, unequal, toothed leaflets. The root is thick with thin bark and many fissured rootlets. Several erect, slender stems that are reddish-brown emerge from it. The root has a bitter taste. The matured seed pod is a two-valved, one-celled capsule. The seeds are oblong, brown, and bitter. Bowman's root grows to a height of 2-3 feet. CULTIVATION : Bowman's root inhabits rich woodlands. It is native to the United States. This plant ranges from Southern Ontario to New York, south to Georgia, west to Alabama, north to Michigan. To grow in the garden, give Bowman's root slightly moist rich soil, and part shade. Hardiness zones for this plant are zones 3-8. PART OF THE PLANT USED : The bark of the root is used. The dried root is reddish- brown. The root bark is easily removed and pulverized. The bitterness of the bark is extracted by alcohol or water at 212 degrees F. PLANT ANALYSIS : The root bark contains gum, starch, gallotannic acid, fatty matter, wax, resin, lignin, albumen, salts and 2 glucosides : gillein and Gilleenin. MEDICINAL ACTIONS : Bowman's root is considered a tonic, emetic, a cathartic, expectorant, purgative, tonic emetic, and expectorant. It is also slightly diaphoretic. MEDICINAL USE : The traditional uses for Bowman's root include indigestion, colds, asthma, and hepatitis, dyspepsia, dropsy, rheumatism, chronic sostiveness, and also used when an emetic is required. Bowman's root has also been used as a poultice for bee stings and swellings. DOSAGE : For use as an emetic use the powdered root, measure 20-30 grains. For use as a sudorific or diaporetic, mix in 6 grains in a cup of cold water. Take an intervals of 2-3 hours. Frequent, large doses of an infusion will cause vomiting and purging. MAGICKAL USE : Use Bowman's root in any rituals for courage. If you have trouble with public speaking, put a small piece of the stem in your pocket before the event to bolster your courage. HISTORY : The origin of the name Bowman's or Beaumont root is obscure. There appears to be no one by the name Beaumont to be involved, as some claim. Beaumont may be derived from Bowman, which may be the man at the bow of a boat, a person with a bow, or bowman as a variant of batman, a military servant. The name "Hippo" is from a short version for "hippocras," a cordial originally made of wine and spices. The Middle English word ypocras is from the Latin vinum Hippocrastum, meaning "wine of Hippocrates." Native Americans used Bowman's root for amenorrhea, rheumatism, dropsy, dyspepsia, worms, and intermittent fever. It was also used as a laxative and emetic. LORE : None found. Magickal Associations of this plant are GreyWing's, as none appear in any herbal references, including, but not limited to, works listed in the bibliography of this site. You may or may not agree with the associations GreyWing assigns. That decision is left to the reader. 10. Allium schoenoprasum(Chives) Family Liliaceae COMMON NAME : Chives ELEMENT : Fire RULING PLANET : Mars GENDER : Masculine MAGICKAL POWERS : Protection, Weight loss DESCRIPTION: Chives have bulbs that grow very close together in dense clusters. The leaves are elongated with white, firm sheaths. These slender leaves appear early in spring. They are 6 to 10 inches long, cylindrical, hollow, and taper to a point. The flowering stem is hollow and either has no leaf or one leaf just below the middle of the stalk. This stalk carries a close globular head or umbel of purple flowers. The petals are about 1/2 inch long. CULTIVATION : Start chives from seeds or divide older plants. This plant is hardy from zones 3-10, and easy to grow. Any good garden soil in full sun to part shade will be fine, as this is an easy plant. It is also rarely bothered by pests. The seeds germinate slowly, require darkness, constant moisture, and a temperature of 60 to 70 F. Sow 1/2 inches deep. Germination period is 2-3 weeks. Cut back chives after flowering. The harvesting of the leaves many be started anytime after the plants are 6 in tall. Cut the blades low to the ground leaving about 2 inches. The preferred soil pH is 6.0. PARTS OF THE PLANT USED : Leaves and flowers of the chive plant are used. PLANT ANALYSIS : A. Schoenoprasum contains iron, a small amount of arsenic, and volatile oil. The volatile oil is rich in sulphur. It also contains the phytochemical allicin, which may help reduce cholesterol, lower blood pressure, and prevent certain types of cancer. MEDICINAL USE : The essential oil that is responsible for flavor and medicinal properties of Allium are not as strong in this plant. Chives have less of this oil than larger alliums, and has fewer medicinal applications. Chives have been used to battle Anorexia Nervosa and similar eating disorders. MEDICINAL ACTION : Anemia, Antiseptic, Blood, Carminative, Digestive, Diuretic, Spice. Antibiotic properties of this plant are attributed to the sulfur compounds. The oils of the plant seem to lower blood levels of low-density lipoproteins, the "bad" cholesterol that clogs artery walls. Chives contain some iron and vitamins (chives are especially high in vitamin C), and are mild antibiotic, and can also be used as a mild laxative. DOSAGE : For anorexia, chop up about two heaping tablespoons of chives and simmer them in about a pint of water. Cover for about twelve minutes. Add butter, salt and pepper to taste. This has been shown to increase appetite. MAGICKAL USE : For protection tie a stalk of chives into a knot and visualize the protective powers of this plant. Add the knotted chive leaf to your food. To get rid of a personal problems, visualize the problem being tied into the chives, knot it, then bury it. HISTORY : Allium Schoenoprasum was known to the Chinese as early as 3000 bce. It was used over Asia and northern Europe before the Christian era. Chives are native to Greece, Sweden, Alps, and parts of northern Britain. Chinese herbalists recommended eating raw chives as an antidote for poison and to control excessive bleeding. Allium Schoenoprasum has been used in food for almost 5,000 years. It was grown in European herb gardens in the 16th century. Colonist to America brought chives to their new homeland. Dutch settlers in America planted chives in their cow pastures to create chive-flavored milk. LORE : Chives were once considered an aphrodisiac. Bunches of chives were hung in the homes of the old world to ward off evil spirits. CULINARY : Allium Schoenoprasum is excellent in tomato dishes, omelets, and salads. It is also good with potatoes, artichokes, asparagus, corn, peas, carrots, spinach, poultry, and fish. It has a taste like sweet mild onions. Chive Potato Souffle 3/4 Cup Shredded Sharp Cheddar Cheese 2 Cups Hot Mashed Potatoes 1/2 Sour Cream 1 1/2 Teaspoon Salt 3 Tablespoons Chopped Chives 3 Eggs, Separated Preheat oven to 350 F. Combine shredded cheese with mashed potatoes, sour cream and seasonings. Beat the egg yolks until smooth and add them to the potato mixture. Whip until light. Fold in the beaten egg whites and pour into a buttered 1 1/2 quart casserole. Bake 45 minutes and serve immediately. Garnish with additional chopped chives. Text © 1998 by AutumnCrystal GreyWing 11. Trifolium pratense Leguminosae(Clover) "The herb boiled in lard, and made into an ointment, is good to apply to the bites of venomous creatures." Nicholas Culpeper COMMON NAMES : Red Clover, Honey, Honeystalks, Honeysuckle Clover, Knap, Marlgrass, Meadow Clover, Purplewort, Real Sweet Clover, Suckles, Three-leaved Grass, Trefoil, Trifoil, Cowgrass ELEMENT : Air RULING PLANET : Mercury GENDER : Masculine MAGICKAL POWERS : Protection, Money, Love, Fidelity,Exorcism, Success DESCRIPTION : This familiar annual may sometimes be biennial. Clover grows to 18 inches. The leaves are divided into 3 oval, oblong or obovate leaflets that are finely toothed. Each leaflet is marked with a prominent "V" shape in a lighter color. The flowers are on rounded heads that may hold from 50 to 200 florets, appearing May through September. The colors of flowers range from pink to red. Other colors of clover flowers are white, purple, yellow and combinations of these colors. There are three types of red clover, wild, early flowering, and late flowering. The most commonly cultivated red clover in the United States is the early flowering type, which produces two to four crops a year. White clover has white or pinkish-white flowers. Its stems spread along the ground and take root in the soil at each node. CULTIVATION : Clover prefers full sun. PARTS OF THE PLANT USED : The flowerheads and leaves of clover are used. COLLECTION : Gather the flower heads May through September. PLANT ANALYSIS : Clover contains estrogens, phenolic glycosides, flavonoids, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, vitamins C and B, minerals, magnesium, zinc, copper, selenium, chorine, calcium, and lecithin. MEDICINAL USE :Conventional medicine has not yet confirmed the folk uses of this plant. Herbalist have recommended clover for detoxification, rebuilding, stimulation, cleansing, skin ailments and wounds. It is considered soothing to nerves and ulcers. It is said to be useful for children with skin problems such as childhood eczema. It has also been used for chronic skin conditions such as psoriasis. Other uses included: coughs and bronchitis because of its expectorant and antispasmodic action, malignant ulcers, scrofula, indolent sores, rectal and vaginal irritation, and burns. It has also been used to treat asthma, athlete's foot, cancer, catarrh, chicken pox, constipation, dyspepsia, and impetigo. Make a strong tea and use as a gargle 4-5 times a day for sore and inflamed throats. Use clover in a poultice for athlete's foot and other skin problems. Clover was used in anti-asthma cigarettes. It was said to open bronchial tubes. This use continued until the 1970's and 80,s, when it was replaced by synthetic drugs. MEDICINAL ACTION : This plant is considered diuretic, expectorant, alterative, antispasmodic, and sedative. DOSAGE : For an infusion, steep 2 teaspoons of flowering tops in 1/2 cup boiling water for 15 minutes. Take 1 to 1 1/2 cups a day with or without honey. For a tincture the dose is from 5-30 drops, taken in water. MAGICKAL USE : Wear any variety of clover as a protective amulet. Use clover in a lust potion. HISTORY : The common names honeysuckle and suckles refer to the honey that can be sucked from the flowers. It is believed the true clovers were brought from Europe and south west Asia Minor as forage plants. It is now naturalized in North America. There are 80 species listed as indigenous to North America. Russians know clover as clever. It is considered a strong natural antiseptic, and is used in poultices for burns and abscesses. The juice from fresh clover leaves has been used as an external eye wash. A decoction of the leaves were combined with salt and used as a poultice for headaches. Clover is a favorite food for livestock and poultry, and has also been used as a food source for humans. Native American tribes ate it raw or cooked. The flowers were used fresh or dried to brew tea for fevers, kidney ailments and as a gynecological aid. Iroquois used clover for strengthening blood. The high protein leaves are a staple in China. Clover was originally included in a famous cancer remedy in the 1940's called Hoxsey's Cure. Surgery or radiation were the accepted "legitimate" treatments for cancer at that time. Hoxsey thought differently and headed a chain of clinics for cancer patients. Anticancer chemicals have been discovered in this plant.Compounds detected in clover by laboratory investigation may be helpful with fighting breast cancer. Further investigation is needed for this plant. Clover had been a popular European folk medicine. A tea made from flowering tops was believed to stimulate the liver and gallbladder. It was also taken for constipation and sluggish appetite. Clover is the state flower of Vermont. LORE : If you find a two leaved clover, soon you will also find a lover. If love has disappointed you, wrap clover in a piece of blue silk and wear near your heart. It will help you through it. To remove negative spirits, sprinkle an infusion of clover around the affected area. Place clover in your left shoe and forget about it. It will protect you from evil. Clover grown in the garden will keep away snakes. Wear clover over your right breast. It will bring success in all undertakings. Four-leaf To avoid military service, wear a four leaf clover. It also protects against madness, strengthens psychic powers, and leads the wearer to gold, money or treasures. Keep a slip of clover in your pocket, and you will be able to feel the presence of spirits around you. If you wish to see fairies, lay seven grains of wheat on a four-leaf clover, and they will appear to you. To find mutual love, eat a four-leaf clover with your intended. To increase your chance of meeting a rich, new love, put a four-leaf clover in your shoe before going out. Five-leaf The five-leaved clover was said to be a powerful attracter of money. White White clover is used against hexes. Wear or scatter around your home. Red To deal with financial arrangements successfully, add red clover to your bath. CULINARY : Dried clover blossoms were put in soups and stews. They added vitamins and minerals and a hint of sweetness from their honey. This hint of sweetness usually doesn't survive unless sun-dried, and fairly fresh. Fresh clover blossoms cooked for a very short time in a small amount of water, with butter and brown sugar, is quite good. Property of GreyWing's Herbal © 12. Geranium sanguineum(Cranesbill) Family:Geraniaceae "This species is known is some parts of the Mountains by the name Alum-root, on account of the astringent taste of its roots, which are very successfully employed in curing the flux among the children..." Frederick Pursh, 1814 COMMON NAMES : Cranesbill Geranium, Cut-leafed Cranesbill, Herb Robert, Wood Cranesbill, Sticky Geranium, Native Carrot, Meadow cranesbill, Dovesfoot, Crowfoot, Alum Root, Wild Geranium Fluxweed, Old Maid's Nightcap, American Kino-Root, Chocolate-Flower ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Moon GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Peace, Stability, Harmony DESCRIPTION : There are 11 genera and 800 species of the geranium family. They are interchangeable for medicinal use. Most are in the north temperate zone. These are not the familar geranium Pelargonium, which is a tropical genus. The following is a description of G. sanguineum, pictured above. Geranium is a perennial that grows 1-2 feet tall. The plant is erect, unbranched, and covered with hairs. The leaves are deeply parted, and 3-6 inches long. Each division of the leaf is again cleft and toothed. Cranesbill flowers April to June. The color of the flowers range from pale to rosy purple. The petals are veined and wooly at their base. The flowers are five lobed and terminated by a long thick beak; hence the common name. The flowers also have five stigmas. At maturity the carpels separate from the base and become resolute or spiral. The root stocks of this plant grow 2 - 4 inches long. The outside of the root stock is brown and the inside is white and fleshy. When dried, the root stock turns dark purple inside, with no odor. CULTIVATION : Very easy plant to grow. Cranesbill does well in sun or part shade. It is not particular about soil. Hardy zones 4-8. PART OF THE PLANT USED : The leaves and dried root of cranesbill are used. The leaves give the greatest percent of tannin if they are collected before plant goes to seed. HARVESTING : Dig the root in September through October. Cut it into small pieces and dry completely. PLANT ANALYSIS : Cranesbill contains tannic and gallic acid, starch, sugar, gum, pectin. MEDICINAL ACTION : Cranesbill is used as an astringent, tonic, diuretic, hemostyptic, anti-haemorrhagic, anti-inflammatory, and vulnerary. Ingestion of this plant interferes with absorption of iron and other minerals when taken internally. MEDICINAL USE : This plant has been used as a powerful astringent in secondary dysentery, diarrhea, and infantile cholera. Internally and externally, it may be used when an astringent is indicated. Cranesbill has been used for hemorrhages, leucorrhoea, sore mouth, ulcers, and excessive chronic mucus discharges. Nose bleeds, wounds of small blood vessels, and bleeding from tooth extractions may be stopped effectively by applying the powdered root to the bleeding orifice and covering with a compress of cotton. Cranesbill has been called an effective, gentle, and widely applicable astringent. For bleeding with duodenal or gastric ulcers, this plant is used in combination with other healing and demulcent herbs. This herb is said to help when blood is found in the feces. Careful diagnosis vital. It is said to be a good herb to use when excessive blood loss occurs during menstruation or uterine haemorrhage. Cranesbill has also been used as a douche for leucorrhoea when combined with Geth root. Use cranesbill in combination with meadowsweet, comfrey, marshmallow or agrimony for peptic ulcers. For gynecological problems cranesbill should be used with uterine tonics and other astringents such as periwinkle. DOSAGE : No "safe" dosage has been established at this time. The following dosages are traditional. See your health care professional for health issues. Cranesbill Extract: 1/4 to 1 teaspoon 3 times a day, as directed by a health care professional. Always take with plenty of juice or with water at mealtime. Use 1 tablespoon to 1 wineglassful 3 times a day. For an infusion use 1 ounce herb to 1 pint of water. For a decoction use 1-2 teaspoons of root in a cup of cold water, bring to boil. Let simmer 10-15 minutes. Drink 3 times a day. In tincture form, take 2-4 ml of tincture 3 times a day. An infusion may be used topically for ulcers and haemorrhoids MAGICKAL USE : Use Cranesbill in rituals where peace, stability, harmony are the goals. HISTORY : Western Native Americans; Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians used G. maculatum for gonorrhea in the Early Nineteenth Century. It has been included in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary. It has been a popular domestic remedy in various parts of United States throughout the country's history. According to James William Herrick's 1977 thesis, cranesbill was used by the Iroquois in a poultice of powdered or chewed roots and applied to unhealed navel of babies. LORE: None found MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION : Geranium may be used in traps to kill Japanese beetles. The beetles die when they eat cranesbill leaves 13. Sambucus canadensis(Elder) Caprifoliacae COMMON NAME : Elder, Sambucus, American Elder, Black Elder, Common Elder, Elderberry, Alhuren, Battree, Bour Tree, Eldrum, Ellhorn, Hylder, Lady Ellhorn, Old Gal, Old Lady, Pipe Tree, Rob Elder, Sweet Elder, Tree of Doom ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Venus GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Exorcism, Protection, Healing, Prosperity, Sleep DESCRIPTION : The name Elder or Elderberry, covers about 13 species of deciduous shrubs in America and Europe. This shrub is indigenous to all parts of the U.S. and Canada. You will find S. canadensis in low, damp, grounds, thickets and waste lands. It is frequently cultivated for its ornamental foliage. Elder grows 5-12 feet high. It blooms in June and July. The star-shaped, fragrant flowers are 1/4 of an inch across and grouped in flat flower clusters that are about 8 in across. From these flowers develop purple-black berries containing three or four round seeds. The seeds mature in September and October. The fruit of elder is made into jellies, pies and wine. The branching stems are covered with a rough, pitted grey bark. The large central stems smooth. Elder has an odor that is faintly sweet, and an aromatic taste that is slightly bitter. European Elder is larger than the American species, although the general characteristics and properties similar. The branchlets are stout, and yellow-brown with warty lenticels. They have a large white pith and small green or brown buds. There is a rank odor when the branches are bruised. The leaves are opposite, compound, and 6 to 10 inches long. They are elliptic or lance shaped, the lower ones often 3 parted, mostly pointed at the base and tip. The margins are sharply toothed, and the overall texture smooth above, paler and sometimes slightly downy underneath. CULTIVATION : Elders like moist rich soils, full sun to part shade. Suckers grow freely and are the easiest propagation method. Elder roots with such ease that a young twig pushed into the ground will soon establish itself. The plant will also grow well from seed. This plant takes severe pruning well. Keep pruned to keep in shape, as it can become scraggly. HARVESTING : Pick flowers of elder when it is in full bloom. In the autumn, strip the bark, but remember the toxins. Collect the leaves in June and July, after the dew is dry, also remembering the toxins involved. PARTS OF THE PLANT USED : The roots inner bark, leaves, berries, and flowers of elder are used. PLANT ANALYSIS : Elder contains cyanogenic glucoside, a substance that release cyanide. The berries are rich in iron. The flowers contain oil, rutin, vitamins, and minerals. MEDICINAL USE : Avoid this herb if you are pregnant. A tea of the flowers may be used to quiet twitching and inflammation of the eyes if taken internally. The tea may simmered for ten minutes longer than normal and used on the eyes. Use cotton soaked in this solution to provide an external application over closed eye lids. The inner green bark may be used as a cathartic infusion when mixed with wine or juice. Doses from 1/2 ounce to 1 ounce will moderately purge. Be careful if you choose to use this as it may have a violent action on some people. A large dose of elder will produce vomiting. When used in small doses it produces a promoting of all fluid secretion. When used externally, every part of the elder is said to aid in complexion beauty, removing spots, easing irritation, removing freckles and softening skin if used faithfully. For various swellings, tumors, joints etc., simmer any or all parts of the elder plant and apply as a poultice mixed with camomile for soreness, inflammation, or joint stiffness. A tincture of the fresh leaves and flowers is said to be helpful for albuminuria, angina pectoris, and asthma. The flowers have been used for dropsy, rheumatism, appendix inflammation, bladder and kidney infections, intestinal conditions, eyes, and external skin troubles. The young spring leaves, boiled in honey, are said to be excellent in chronic constipation. They may also be boiled in milk for burns and piles. The leaves have been used as an effective insecticide. Try rubbing some leaves on your skin to help keep mosquitoes away. Repeat every half hour. MEDICINAL ACTION : Elder is considered an emetic, hydragogue, and cathartic. The flowers are diaphoretic, diuretic, alterative, emollient, discutient, and gentle stimulant. The berries are diuretic, astringent, diaphoretic. DOSAGE : For elder tea use 1/2 teaspoon chopped herb to 1 cup of boiling water. Keep the tea weak when not using the flowers. Steep for 10 minutes. Drink once a day. In a tincture: use 20-40 drops in water 3-4 times a day. MAGICKAL USES : Hang over doors and windows to ward off attackers and to keep evil out of the house. Carry the berries of elder with you to protect against negativity. When used to bless a person, place, or thing, scatter the leaves and berries of elder to in the 4 directions. Use the name of the person or describe the object to be blessed. Scatter some over the person or object. HISTORY : Pliny named elder Sambuca, after the musical instrument made of the wood. He records the belief of country people that the shrillest pipes were made of elder grown out of the reach of the sound of a "cock-crow." A simple pipe, called a sampogna, is still made by Italian people from the branches of elder. Elder had been used in burial rites in ancient Britain. Romans dyed their hair with the berries, as did the Native Americans. The wood of the cross for Jesus was said to be made of elder, and Judas was said to be hanged from the branches of an elder. Flowers of the elder were listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia from 1831 to 1905. A strained, sterilized tea was used as a mild stimulant, carminative and diaphoretic. S. nigra, European elder, was used in Russia from their early history. In the Middle Ages it was considered a Holy Tree, capable of restoring good health and keeping good health. LORE : Do not burn the wood of elder in the hearth. Bad spirits will enter your home if you dare to do so. In early England, it was thought if you hit a child with and elder twig was thought to be doomed to a life as a dwarf. The elder was said to be the home of the goddess Greya. If you see an elder bush in a dream it means illness will will touch your life. If elder is gathered on the last day of April, put over doors and windows to ward off witches. Branches were fashioned into cross shapes for this purpose. It was considered dangerous to sleep beneath an elder. If you Stood under the branches on Mid Summer's Eve, you were supposed to be able to see the "King of Fairyland" and all his followers ride by. In Denmark permission must be asked from the Hylde-Moer, the Elder Mother, before cutting an elder. She will haunt anyone who has not asked for for the privilege. The Elder Mother will also harass any baby who is unlucky enough to be in an elder wood cradle, tugging at its legs until it is lifted out. Elder is not used for floors or furniture, either. When an elder is cut a red sap flows from the branches. Witches and spirits were thought to live in elder, and it was necessary to warn them before cutting the shrub to give them time to leave. Before cutting an elder, kneel before the shrub and recite the following: Lady Ellhorn, give me of thy wood And I will give thee of mine, When I become a tree. This allows the witch or spirit within tree time to vacate. Grow in your garden to protect your home against sorcery and lightning. To protect your cattle from lighting, plant elder near the barn. It is said to flourish near a home where happy people live. Elder was said to be able to force evil magicians to release any spells cast against you. If you have need to drop a fever, poke an elder twig into ground, while being very quiet. Toothaches where thought to be caused by evil spirits. To relieve a toothache chew on an elder twig then place it into a wall while saying: "Depart thou evil spirit." This shrub was considered sacred to many Mother Goddess figures because of its white flowers. To prevent rheumatism, tie a fresh twig into 3 or 4 knots and carry in your pocket. To remove a wart rub it with a green elder twig. Bury the twig in the mud. Grow near your home to give prosperity to your household. Elder has been used at weddings to bring good luck to couple. Pregnant women who wish good luck for the baby should kiss the shrub. If you have difficulty sleeping place berries beneath pillow. Make a flute from a branch of an elder and use at midnight to call forth spirits. Many thought is dangerous to burn elder wood, and some gypsies strictly forbade its use as firewood. Magicians were said to use its wood in the making of wands for centuries. Plant an elder on a new grave. Trim the plant to the shape of a cross. If the elder blooms, family are assured the soul of the dead is in paradise. Cut the pith of elder into flat discs. Dip these in oil, light and float them in a bowl of water on Christmas Eve. Its light will reveal all the witches and sorcerers in the neighborhood. CULINARY : Elderberry Sorbet Magickal Ingredients Include: PLANET ELEMENT ENERGIES ELDERBERRIES Venus Water Exorcism, Protection, Healing, Prosperity, Sleep EGG WHITE Moon Water Fertility, Grounding, Mysticism, Love, Friendship SUGAR Venus Water Love 1 pound elderberries 1 Tablespoon Lemon Juice 4 Ounces Sugar 1 1/8 Cups Water 2 Egg Whites Wash and drain berries. Puree them with a little sugar in a processor of blender. Put the puree through a sieve to remove the pits. Add lemon juice Put the sugar and water in a pan and boil for 6 minutes to make a syrup. Cool the syrup slightly then stir in the elderberry puree. Pour into ices trays or other shallow container and freeze. When it is mushy, fold in the egg whites which have been beaten until they are firm but not dry. Freeze again until almost firm. Stir again and freeze until firm. 14. Solidago(Goldenrod) Family : Compositae "It is extolled above all other herbs for the stopping of bloud in sanuinolent ulcers and bleeding wounds"...Gerard,1633 COMMON NAMES : Goldenrod, Aaron's Rod, Blue Mountain Tea, Goldruthe, Gonea Tea, Sweet Scented Goldenrod, Solidage, Verg d' Or, Wound Weed, Woundwort ELEMENT : Air RULING PLANET : Venus GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Money, Divination DESCRIPTION : There are many varieties. Although the goldenrods are a taxonomic challenge, a few species are easily learned because of special characteristics: 1. Sweet goldenrod S. odora is found in dry woodlands and under power lines. The leaves smell like anise when crushed. It was used an an astringent in dysentery and ulceration of the intestines. The seeds have been used as a diuretic for infants, as a local application in headache, and for flatulence and vomiting. Anise-scented goldenrod, Blue-mountain Tea, Bohea-Tea, Fragrant Goldenrod, Sweet -Scented goldenrod, True goldenrod, woundweed are some of the common names of this variety of Solidago. 2. Seaside goldenrod S. sempervirens grows near the coast, on beaches, on sea rocks, and in brackish marshes. It has succulent leaves. 3. S. bicolor grows in dry woodlands. It is the only goldenrod with white ray flowers. Common names include Belly-ache-weed, Pale goldenrod, Silverweed, Silver-rod, White Goldenrod 1705 in the Carolinas, " The indians of these parts use sweating very much. If any pain seize their limbs or body, immediately they take reeds, or small wands, and bend them umbrella fashion, covering them with skins and matchcoats: They have a large fire not far off, where they heat stones, or (where they are wanting) bard, putting it into this stove, which casts an extraordinary heat : there is a pot of water ...in which a bunch of the herb, bearing a silver tassle... With this vegetable they rub the head, temples, and other parts, which is reckon'd a preserver of sight and strengthener of the brain." Lawson,1709. 4. Zigzag stemmed goldenrod S. flexicaulis grows in woodlands. Its stems zigzag between broad, sharply toothed leaves. 5. Blue stemmed goldenrod S. caesia also grows in woodlands but has straight stems with a purple blue color, growing almost horizontally John Bartram called it "virga-aurea". It was famous for rattle snake bites. 6. Canada goldenrod S. canadensis is easy to identify it it has crown gall, a stunting of the stem and a proliferation of leaves at the stem apex. The gall, found only in this species, is caused by a midge larva. CULTIVATION : Goldenrod likes full sun or partial shade, in any type of soil. Solidago speciosa zones 3-10, Solidago virgaurea zones 4-10 PARTS OF THE PLANT USED : The leaves and tops. HARVESTING AND STORAGE : Collect the plant when it is flowering. Dry it carefully. Spread out to dry soon after harvesting as it will turn black and musty quickly. PLANT ANALYSIS : Solidago contains tannin, MEDICINAL USES : A poisonous fungus often grows on these plants, be careful when harvesting. Three species in particular, S. nemoralis, S. odora, and S. virgaurea are used medicinally. Modern science has no evidence that goldenrod is effective for anything. Goldenrod mixes well with unpleasant medicinal tasting herbs to improve the flavor. The dried leaves and flowers of Goldenrod have been used in a tincture for albuminuria, calculus, croup, dysuria, eruptions, gout, leucorrhea, ophthalmia, phosphaturia, enlarged prostate, rheumatism, sciatica, scanty and or suppressed urine. The flowers and leaves have long been used in Bello-Russia as a tea for diarrhea, inflammation of the bladder and amenorrhea. Powdered flowers of Solidago have a reputation for treating slow healing wounds. MEDICINAL ACTION : Aromatic, carminative, stimulant, astringent, diaphoretic. DOSAGE : 1 teaspoon of leaves to 1 cup of boiling water. MAGICKAL USES : Any spells and/or rituals for money. Any divination rituals. History : The name Solidago, from the Latin solida "whole" and ago meaning "to make", means to make whole, to heal. S. altissima, Tall Goldenrod roots were applied a a poultice to boils and burns. The Chippewas used Solidago flexicaulis (zigzag stemmed goldenrod) for sores in the mouth, and Solidage speciosa var. angustata showy goldenrod for lung trouble and difficult labor. S. juncea, Early Goldenrod, was taken for convulsions. S. rigida, Stiff Goldenrod, was believed to increase urine flow. Native Americans used the solution from boiled leaves as an external lotion for wounds and ulcers. It was also used to heal the saddle sores of horses. The Spanish Americans used the fresh plant mixed with soap for a plaster to wrap on sore throats. After the Boston Tea Party, when tea was boycotted in the colonies, a pleasant and relaxing "Liberty Tea" was mixed which included Sweet Goldenrod as a principal ingredient. LORE : Colonial Americans drank goldenrod tea as a cure for unbelief and melancholy. Carry the plant with you and you will find treasure, the flower nods in the direction of lost or hidden objects or buried treasure If you would like to see your future love, wear a piece of goldenrod. He or she will appear by the next day. If you find goldenrod springing up suddenly near the door of your home, unexpected good fortune will soon be yours. Find a patch of goldenrod and you will also have found a hidden spring of water below. HAY FEVER, ALLERGIES : Goldenrod pollen has been blamed unjustly for causing hay fever, but plants that cause hay fever are wind pollinated.. Goldenrod is insect pollinated. The true enemies of hay fever sufferers are the ragweeds, which also belong to the aster family. Both flower at the same time. The flowers of ragweeds are not as showy. 15. Glechoma hederacea Labiatae-Ground Ivy "it is recommended against the humming noise and ringing sound of the ears, being put into them, and for them that are hard of hearing." Gerard, 1633 COMMON NAMES : Ground Ivy, Gill-over-the-ground, Hedgemaids, Cat's foot, Alehoof, Haymaids, Tun hoof, Robin-run-in-the-hedge, Creeping Charlie ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Venus GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Sleep, Meditation, Divination, Healing, Love, Friendship, Fidelity DESCRIPTION : Ground ivy is one of the most common perennial plants of this area. G. hederacea is a smooth or minutely downy plant with creeping stems. The leaves of G. hederacea are stalked, opposite, roundish, and heart shaped at the base. They are 1/2 to 1 1/2 inches long, coarsely and bluntly toothed. The leaves will last until the temperature reaches freezing. The undersides are paler with apparent glands. These glands contain the volatile oil. The flowers are lavender to purplish-blue, are about 1/2 in long and are in small axillary clusters that bloom between late March and July. This plant has a balsamic odor and bitter taste. CULTIVATION : It is common to find ground ivy in shady places, waste grounds, and dry ditches. Easy to grow, sun to full shade. PARTS OF THE PLANTS USED : The whole plant is used. PLANT ANALYSIS : Ground ivy contains sesquiterpenes, flavonoids (principally glycosides of luteolin, apigenin and quercitin), triterpenoids, a bitter substance (glechomine), phenolic acids, 6-7% polyphenols ('pseudotannins'), 0.03-0.06% volatile oil, saponin, resin, and choline. The minerals iron, copper, iodine, phosphorus, potassium are also found in this plant. MEDICINAL USE : Ground ivy is used most often in the treatment of bronchitis and catarrh because of its expectorant action. It is particularly beneficial when used for tinnitus. Due to its anti-inflammatory and astringent actions, it is also helpful in the treatment of diarrhea and as a topical application for haemorrhoids. Ground ivy is claimed to be an herb for all inward wounds, and ulcerated lungs. It is said to ease all gripping pains, gas and choleric conditions of the stomach and spleen. It is believed to encourage bile flow, and has been used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers. It also has been used for yellow jaundice. This plant has also been used effectively in inflammation of the lower urinary tract, particularly cystitis. It is said to be a general metabolism stimulant. When added to a decoction with honey and burnt alum, it is said to be excellent as gargle for sore throats or to wash genital sores. The fresh juice snuffed up the nose was used to relieve headaches. For external use, the fresh, bruised leaves bound around a wound will hasten recovery. When boiled together, ground ivy juice, honey and marigold (calendula) will produce an infusion to clean fistulas and ulcers. The juice of ground ivy is also said to be good for bruises and black eyes. Combine it with yarrow or camomile to make an excellent poultice for abscesses. MEDICINAL ACTION : Ground ivy is considered a stimulant, tonic, pectoral, diuretic, astringent, anti-inflammatory, anti catarrhal, and gentle stimulant. DOSAGE : For an infusion : 1 teaspoon of the herb to 1 cup boiling water, steep for 15 minutes. To be taken 3 times a day. MAGICKAL USE : Use ground ivy to discover who is working negative magick against you. Place the herb around the base of a yellow candle and burn it on a Tuesday. The person will become known to you. HISTORY: The name gill comes from the French guiller, "to brew" or "to make merry." The leaves of ground ivy were used to clarify and add flavor to beer. The leaves were steeped in the hot liquor. Because of this we get the names alehoof and tunhoof. The herb improved the flavor and keeping time of the beer and made the liquid clearer. Ground ivy was replaced in the 16th century by hops. Gill also meant girl, hence the name hedgemaids. A tea of Ground ivy was an ancient cure for gout and toothaches, among other things. The popular name ground ivy is due to its resemblance to true ivy. The leaves of this plant sometimes develop hairy tumors. These tumors have a strong flavor and were sometimes eaten by the poor. Ground ivy was used as a treatment for coughs and fever in the Middle Ages. A tea made of the ground ivy leaves and flowers was also considered a powerful spring tonic. Ground ivy is native to Europe, but has become widely naturalized in North America. The Cherokee used Glechoma hederacea in an infusion for measles, colds and hives in children. The dried leaves were once used as snuff to relieve headaches. Ground ivy was once used as an antidote for lead poisoning in America. LORE : Add ground ivy to your bath and you will ease the aging process. Ancient herbalists said it would cure insanity and melancholia by opening the stopping of the spleen. Wrap a sprig of ground ivy in a piece of red cloth and place it under your pillow. You will dream of your next love. USES IN HUSBANDRY : For mares, ground ivy works well for internal cleansing after foaling. For treating retained afterbirth in mares, add 1 to 2 cups of the herb to 1 pint of water to make a strong brew. Use as half pint drenches approximately every 3 hours. Caution: Large amounts have proved toxic to grazing horses, but the herb is safe at therapeutic doses. According to Grieve, it is thought to "be injurious to those horses that eat much of it, though the expressed juice, mixed with a little wine and applied morning and evening, has been said to destroy the white specks which frequently form on their eyes." CULINARY : Gill Tea is said to be an excellent beverage. To make it, use 1 ounce of the herb infused in a pint of boiling water. Sweeten with honey, sugar or liquorice, and drink when cool. Property of GreyWing's Herbal © 16. Alchemilla vulgaris(Lady's Mantle) ORDER ROSACEAE Perennial "Lady's Mantle is very proper for inflamed wounds and to stay bleeding, vomitings, fluxes of all sorts... It is one of the most singular wound herbs..." Culpepper Common Names : Lady's Mantle, Lion's Foot, Bear's Foot, Nine Hooks, Stellaria ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Venus GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Love DESCRIPTION : Lady's mantle is a low growing perennial 6-12 inches high. The lower leaves are large, 6-18 inches long and are almost kidney shaped. Their margins are cut into seven or nine broad, shallow lobes. These lobes are finely toothed at the edges. The upper leaves are similar and either stalkless, or on short stalks. They are notched and toothed. The leaves have the appearance of having been pleated like the folds a lady's cloak or mantle. The entire plant is covered with soft hairs. The hairs on the leaves capture the rain in drops that shine like small jewels. The flowers are numerous and small, only about 1/8 inch in diameter. They are yellow-green in color, and are in loose, divided clusters at the end of freely-branching flower stems. There are no petals, the calyx is cleft, with four bracteoles that have the appearance of outer and alternate segments of the calyx. CULTIVATION : Most soils are adequate. Well drained moist, loamed soil is best. Sun or part shade. PARTS OF THE PLANT USED : Leaves, stems, flowers, root COLLECTION : Leaves and stems are collected in the summer. Root is collected in fall. PLANT ANALYSIS : Constituents include tannin, bitter principle, traces of essential oil, salicylic acid. MEDICINAL USES : Lady's Mantle has been used throughout history to reduce heavy menstrual flow, prevent miscarriage, and heal the body after childbirth. It is said to aid conception if ingested in the a tea for twenty straight days. The leaves can be chopped and steeped in water for about 15 minutes then cooled and strained. Use as an astringent for acne and large pores. Lady's Mantle eases both menstrual pains and excessive bleeding. It aids in menopause. As a general astringent it can be used internally for diarrhea and externally for cuts and wounds. A strong decoction of the fresh root has been recommended as excellent to stop all bleeding,. The dried root that has been reduced to powder is considered to work the same way, and to be a good for violent purging. Taken internally for lack of appetite, rheumatism, stomach ailments, diarrhea, enteritis. Externally Alchemilla is a good douche for leucorrhea. MEDICINAL ACTION : Styptic and astringent because of the tannin it contains. Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, vulerary (used for wounds). DOSAGE : In an infusion made with 4 teaspoons of the dried herb to a cup of water steeped for 10-15 minutes. Drink 1 to 1 1/2 cups per day. For external applications, double the amount of herb. MAGICKAL USE : Use Lady's Mantle in love spells and sachets. HISTORY : The word "alchemilla" is derived from the Arabic work, Alkemelych meaning alchemy. The dew that was captured in the hairs of the leaves was thought to have magickal properties, and was used in many magickal potions. Ancient physicians considered this herb a remarkable and restorative plant for most "women's complaints." Since the herb is so astringent, it can be used to control excessive and profuse menstrual flow and may also be used along with red raspberry tea for home birth. According to Kunzle, "Every woman in childbed ought to drink a good deal of this herb tea for eight to ten days before giving birth. Many children would still have their mothers, and many a stricken widower his wife, if they had known this..." LORE : Alchemists collected the dew on Alchemills' leaves believing the water had absorbed the magickal qualities of the herb. It was used in aphrodisiacs and other magickal operations. The Babylonians believed the numbers 7 and 9 were powerful, and they had great respect for the healing qualities of the 7 or 9 lobed leaves. Lady's mantle promotes quiet sleep for ladies who place it under their pillows. "The leaves are accounted good for lank sagging breasts, to bring them to a greater firmness and smaller compass." According to the Colonial Dames of America. This plant had been associated with the Virgin Mary (hence the name Lady's not Ladies Mantle). The loves of the leaves resemble the scalloped edges of a mantle. The early herbalist John Gerard recommended the whole plant "to keep down women's paps or dugs (breasts), and when they get too great or flaggy, it makes them lesser or harder." 17. Malvaceae(Marshmallow) "Whosoever shall take a spoonful of the Mallows shall that day be free from all diseases that may come to him", Pliny. COMMON NAMES : Marshmallow, Common Mallow, Mortification Plant, Sweet Weed ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Mercury GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Protection, Psychic Powers DESCRIPTION : Belongs to hollyhock family. Tall perennial (3-4 ft.). Covered with large pink flowers in late summer. The leaves have the texture of velvet, with the lower leaves being circular, 3-5 lobed, toothed and 1 1/4 to 3 1/4 inches wide. The upper leaves are ovate to lanceolate, pointed, lobed and toothed. It has woolly stems and several spreading, leafy branches. The flowers are generally solitary, 1-2 inches across, borne from the upper leaf axils, five pink or white, obovate, notched petals. Gummy starches and sugars extracted from the root provided the main ingredient for the original marshmallow candy. Today it is made synthetically. Flowers July through September. CULTIVATION : Althea prefers marshes and other wet places. It will grow well in good garden soil. Best in full sun. Hardy to zone 5. Soil pH neutral. Althea can be grown from seed that is sown in spring, or by cuttings. Divide adult plants by division in autumn. Plant about 2 feet apart. PARTS OF THE PLANT USED : Roots, leaves and flowers. COLLECTION : The leaves should be collected in summer after flowering. They should be stripped off singly and gathered only on a nice day, in the morning, after the dew is dry. The root is collected in autumn. Clean the root of fibers and cork covering and dry immediately. PLANT ANALYSIS: Constituents, Root 25-35 % mucilage; tannins; pectin; asparagine. Leaves, mucilage; traces of essential oil. Althea also contains phosphate of lime. MEDICINAL USES : Marshmallow's demulcent can be used wherever soothing and healing properties are needed. The root is used mainly for digestive problems and on the skin. In inflammations of the digestive tract, such as inflamation of the mouth, gastritis, peptic ulcer, enteritis and colitis,the root is advised. Externally, the roots are often used for varicose veins and ulcers as well as abscesses and boils. The leaf is used for the lungs and urinary system. The leave may also be used in cases of urethritis and urinary gravel. Althea is soothing for any mucous membrane irritations anywhere. The leaves make an excellent poultice for leg ulcers. When made into a tea, althea is excellent for coughs and bronchitis. The common name Mortification Plant records the use of althea for treating wounds. Use in a compress or poultice. For pain, apply the softened root to the area, or add a strained decoction of the root to a foot bath or full bath. To make the decoction, simmer a quarter of a pound of dried cleaned root in two quarts of water, and reduce it to six cups. Strain and add to bath. The powdered root has been used as a binder in formulating pills. Althea may be boiled in wine or milk, or made into a syrup for coughs. Any wild mallow flower is excellent for compress for wasp stings. Prepare an infusion of althea leaves and apply as a compress to reduce inflammation of the eyelid. Prepare a strong tea from the leaves and use as a rinse for an abscess or boil. To quickly reduce inflammation of the breasts, European gypsies chew the stems of the mallow plant and apply to the breast. To duplicate this effect , add 5-10 drops of mallow tincture to a cup of hot water. Dip a cloth into the mallow tea, and apply the warm compress to the breast. MEDICINAL ACTIONS : The root is demulcent, expecorant, diuretic, emollient, vulerary. It has a soothing effect on inflammation and irritation of the alimentary canal and of the urinary and respiratory tract. It is said to ease passage of kidney stones. DOSAGE : A decoction is made of the root using 1 teaspoon in a cup of water and boil gently 10-15 minutes. Drink three times a day. In a tincture form take 1-4 ml three times a day. MAGICKAL USES : It is used in protection rites. Althea is also a good psychic power stimulator. You may either burn this plant as an incense or carry it in a sachet. Althea, when placed on an altar, also brings in "good" spirits during rituals. HISTORY : the Greek physician Hippocrates described the value of althea in the treatment of wounds. Dioscorides, another Greek physician, prescribed a vinegar infusion as a cure for toothaches and recommended a preparation of the seeds to soothe insect stings. The Roman poet Horace, touted the laxative properties of the roots and leaves. Renaissance period herbalists used althea for sore throats, stomach problems, gonorrhea, leukorrhea, and as a gargle for infections of the mouth. LORE : In medieval times if a person was accused of something, to prove innocence the accused had to hold a red-hot iron bar. He/she was considered innocent if the person suffered no serious burns. Accounts from the Middle Ages state that anointing the palms with an ointment made from marshmallow would allow the accused, innocent or guilty, to remain unburned. CULINARY : The Romans considered althea a delicacy. Pâté de guimauve was the French confection made from the roots. The uncooked young top and tender leaves can be added to spring salads. The roots have more substance and may be prepared for the table by boiling, then frying in butter with onions. Recipe for Marshmallow sweets* Make sure the mallow roots aren't moldy or too woody. Marshmallow gives off almost twice its own weight of mucilaginous gel when placed in water. 4 tablespoons marshmallow roots 28 tablespoons refined sugar 20 tablespoon gum tragacanth (or gum arabic) Water of orange flowers (for aroma or instead of plain water) 2 cups water 1-2 egg whites, well beaten Make a tea of marshmallow roots by simmering in a pint of water for twenty to thirty minutes. Add additional water if it simmers down. Strain out the roots. Heat the gum and marshmallow decoction (water) in a double boiler until they are dissolved together. Strain with pressure. Stir in the sugar as quickly as possible. When dissolved, add the well beaten egg whites, stirring constantly, but take off the fire and continue to stir. Lay out on a flat surface. Let cool, and cut into smaller pieces. *Recipe from Herbal Medicine by Dian Dincin Buchman, Ph.D. 18. Origanum vulgare(Oregano) "The essential oil poured on a little lint, and put into the hollow of an aching tooth, removes the pain." Nicholas Culpeper COMMON NAMES : Oregano, Wild Marjoram, Joy of the Mountain ELEMENT : Air RULING PLANET : Mercury GENDER : Masculine MAGICKAL POWERS : Love, Happiness, Protection, Health, Money DESCRIPTION : O. vulgare is a hardy perennial that grows up to 2 feet in height. It sends out creeping roots. Stems of this plant are woody, branched above, often purplish. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, sometimes toothed, oval and pointed, and are about an inch long. The flowers are 1/4 inch long, tubular, in corymbs, and have reddish bracts. They have a two lipped corolla that is pale purple, and a toothed calyx. The flower colors range from rose-purple to white, with 4 protruding stamens. Flowers of oregano are in terminal spikelets. O. vulgare flowers July through September. Oregano is closely related to marjoram, but it has a coarser texture and a stronger flavor. CULTIVATION : Oregano can be propagated by root divisions in spring or by seed. GreyWing finds this plant extremely easy as it self-sows with enthusiasm. Soil pH 6.8 with well drained average soil and full sun are ideal. Seeds germinate in 4 days 70 degrees F. Don't cover the seeds with soil. Oregano is susceptible to root rot and fungal disease, spider mites, aphids and leaf miners. This plant thrive in Zones 4-10. PARTS OF THE PLANT USED : The leaves and flowers of this plant are used. COLLECTION : When the plant is 6 or 8 inches high pinch or snip the tops. This will promote thicker growth. To harvest oregano cut the stems 4 to 5 inches from the ground. Feed the plants well and in a week or ten days, new foliage will show, thicker than it was. Harvest in summer or early autumn, just before full flowering. PLANT ANALYSIS : The main constituents of oregano are : the essential oil (max. 4%) may contain variable amounts of the two phenoles carvacrol and thymol (see also thyme and savory.) A variety of monoterpene hydrocarbons (limonene, terpinene, ocimene, caryophyllene, beta-bisabolene and p-cymene) and monoterpene alcohols (linalool, 4-terpineol) have also been found. MEDICINAL ACTION : Antispasmodic carminative, calmative, diaphoretic, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic, and mild tonic. MEDICINAL USES : No clinical evidence supports or refutes any medical claims attributed to O. vulgare. Use oregano in an infusion for upset stomach and indigestion, headache, colic coughs respiratory ailments. It is said to alleviate the pain of abdominal cramps in women, and will regulate menstrual cycles when taken 3-4 days before the regular time. Externally apply to painful swellings in a hot fomentation. Early American colonists used the leaves in poultices for swellings or sore muscles. The leaves of oregano were also brewed as tea for a weak stomach or a headache. In more recent times, oregano has been used commercially in liniments. The oil from the leaves has been used as a base for toothache remedies. Place a couple of drops of the oil from oregano on an aching tooth to relieve pain. Do not confuse this oil with what is called "Oil of Origanum" that is extracted from the herb thyme. To allay nausea of morning sickness eat fresh or dried oregano leaves in salads or other foods. DOSAGE : For an infusion, steep 2 to 3 teaspoons of the herb in 1 cup boiling water. Take 1-2 cups per day. MAGICKAL USE : Oregano may be used in love spells or added to food to strengthen love. HISTORY : The name Joy of the Mountain comes from the Greek words oros meaning "mountain" and ganos meaning "beauty" or "brightness." The sight of a mountain covered with oregano in flower must be beautiful indeed. Greeks used the leaves of oregano for internal and external fomentations. It was also a remedy for poisons, convulsions and dropsy. Poultices were made from leaves and placed on sores and aching muscles. The ancient Roman scholar Pliny recommended poultices of oregano for scorpion and spider bites. In Greece and Rome, this plant is dedicated to Hymen, god of marriage, and is worn at weddings. In Medieval Europe oregano was put into ointments, waters, and powders, used as flavoring in broth and meat dishes. Oreganos came to North America with the European colonists and escaped to grow wild in the countryside. This plant became part of standard medicine in U.S. It was listed in various Materia Medica as a stimulant and carminative. Oil of oregano is extracted by distilling the herb with water. As much as 200 pounds of oregano may be needed to produce single pound of oil. Oregano was used to rub furniture, and as a strewing herb. It became popular as culinary herb after World War II after service men returned from the Mediterranean. It is said that the sweet taste of the meat from the goats raised in Greece comes from their foraging on oregano growing on the hillsides. Used as dye, the flowers of oregano give a purplish color to wool and reddish-brown to linen. LORE : Carry oregano to protect, or place it around house, a little in each room. Remember to renew it each month. Grow in your garden for protection. Mix violets and oregano together and wear during the winter months as an amulet against colds. Given to sad person, a bunch of oregano will bring happiness. Use oregano in money mixtures and sachets If grown on grave, it gives happiness to the dead. Bald men mixed oregano with olive oil and rubbed into scalp, expecting hair to grow. CULINARY :O.vulgare has little flavor to add to dishes. For culinary use grow O. vulgare subspecies hirtum also referred to as O. heracleoticum and O. hirtum. You may also try O.vulgare 'Viride.' Oregano has a hot peppery flavor. Use it in the foods of Italy, Greece, Brazil, Mexico, Spain, Cuba, Colombia. This plant enhances cheese and egg combos such as omelets, frittatas, quiches etc. Add it to yeast breads, marinated vegetables shellfish. The flavor combines well with garlic, thyme, parsley, and olive oil. 19. Paeonia officinalis(peony) Ranunculacae COMMON NAMES : Peony, Paeony ELEMENT : Fire RULING PLANET : Sun GENDER : Masculine MAGICKAL POWERS : Protection, Exorcism DESCRIPTION : There are two genera and 34 species herbs and soft shrubs that are called peony. A green, juicy stem grows from the knobby rootstock to about 3 feet high. The leaves are ternate or bi-ternate. They have large ovate to lanceolate leaflets. This plant flowers in May. The flowers ar large, solitary, and resemble a rose flower. CULTIVATION : Peonies grow in almost any soil, in sun or shade. They do best in deep rich loam, well trenched and manured. Make sure the "eyes" or growing tips on roots are planted exactly 1 1/2 inches below soil level. Avoid moving peonies after planting, as they hate transplanting. Hardy zones 2-8. Propagation is easiest by root division. PART OF THE PLANT USED : The roots are used dried and powdered. Clean the roots carefully in cold water with a brush. Do not soak. Spread the clean roots to dry for ten or more days. They must be dry to the core and brittle. PLANT ANALYSIS : Cyanin, arginine, benzoic acid, calcium-oxalate, peonide, paeonol, resinic acid, tannin. MEDICINAL USE : No longer used medicinally. MEDICINAL ACTION : Paeonia is considered antispasmodic, diuretic, sedative, and tonic. DOSAGE : CAUTION : The entire plant is poisonous, flowers especially so. Do not use this plant. MAGICKAL USES : The roots and seeds are considered magickal. Wear the seeds either strung or put a few loose seeds in your pocket to guard body spirit and soul. Put cut branches in your home to ward off evil spirits. HISTORY : Peony is said to be named either for the Greek god of healing, Paeon, or for the physician Paeos, who cured Pluto and other gods of wounds received during the Trojan War with this plant. Claudius Aelianus roman author in the first century "it groweth upon high rocks...which opening in the summer solstice, doth yield in the night time a certain fairy, as it were, sparkling brightness and light." LORE : This plant is thought to be of divine origin, an emanation from moonbeams. Peony was said to shine at night, protecting shepherds and their flocks. It is said to protect harvests, drive away evil spirits and avert storms. Gerard claims Josephus said "to pluck it up by the roots will cause danger to he that touches it, therefore a string must be fastened to it in the night and a hungry dog tied thereto, who being allured by the smell of roasted flesh set towards him may pluck it up by the roots." Plant peonies in the garden to protect it against evil and storms. Necklaces were made of the seeds or roots and hung around a child's neck to guard it from mischievous fairies and imps. The roots worn with coral and flint it said to keep away the incubus. It has been used in exorcisms The root was carried to cure "lunacy". The seeds placed on a "lunatic" were said to cure almost instantly. Gather roots or seeds only at night, when its seeds are said to shine with an eerie glow. The root of peony is sometimes substituted for mandrake. Carve peony roots into small beads that are called "piney beads." String them to wear for protection against evil. Add the seeds to wine for a remedy for nightmares. Text © 1998 GreyWing 20. Soapwort Saponaria officinali Caryophyllaceae It is commonly called saponaria, of the great scouring qualitie that the leaves have: for they yield out of themselves a certain juyce when they are bruised, which scoureth almost as well as sope." Gerard, 1633 COMMON NAMES : Bouncing Bet, Bouncing Bess, Bruisewort, Boston Pink, Lady-By-The-Gate, My Lady's Washbowl, Soaproot, Latherwort, Dog Cloves, Crowsoap, Soapwort ELEMENT : Fire RULING PLANET : Jupiter GENDER : Masculine MAGICKAL POWERS : Protection, Strength, Healing DESCRIPTION : Soapwort has leafy, smooth stems that are sparingly branched. The stems are reddish and are swollen at the nodes. The flowers are white or pink, about 1 inch wide and are in terminal clusters. These flowers have 5 scalloped petals, ten stamens and have small appendages at their throats. There are occasionally extra petels. The calyx has 5 lobes. Flowers appear July-September. The leaves are 2-3 inches long, opposite, oval and clasp the stem. There are 3-5 conspicuous veins on the leaves. Soapwort reaches a height of 1 - 2 1/2 feet. The fruit is a four-toothed capsule containing seeds. This plant may be found on roadsides and waste ground. Soapwort has a bitter, slightly sweet taste followed by a persistent pungent aftertaste. It will leave the mouth with a numbing sensation. CULTIVATION : Soapwort tolerates most soils as long as it is well drained, and prefers full sun or light shade. Propagation of this plant is by seed, which should be stratified, or plant division. Soapwort will spread on its own by underground stems and may form colonies. It may be invasive once established. Hardiness zones in the U.S. are 4-8. PART OF THE PLANT USED : The root and leaves of soapwort are used. PLANT ANALYSIS : Constituents include triterpene, saponin, resin, gum, mucilage, and phytosterols. MEDICINAL ACTION : Saponaria officinalis is considered sotonic, diaphoretic, an alterative, a cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, and a pergative. MEDICINAL USES : A lotion made with soapwort is soothing for sore, irritated skin. A decoction of the root has been used as an expectorant for respiratory congestion. Use saponaria externally as a wash for dermatitis and itching skin. DOSAGE : Saponaria is considered toxic to humans and animals when taken internally. It may cause severe vomiting and diarrhea. Do not take internally. MAGICKAL USE : Use soapwort in healing spells and rituals. HISTORY : Soapwort contains poisonous saponins, a soap-like substance. The genus name is from the Latin sapo meaning soap. A lather can be made from the crushed foliage. The common name "bouncing bet" is from an old fashioned nickname for washerwoman. Saponaria officinalis was used by fullers in the cloth industry to full wool. Fulling wool was a way to increase its weight by shrinking and beating. In the Middle Ages the plant was known as Herb fullonis because of this use. This plant was brought to North America settlers. It was used in soap, balms, in sheep dip, and was used to clean anything from fabrics to pottery. Saponaria officinalis is native to Western Asia, and has been naturalized in Europe and eastern North America, where is it common on roadsides. The Pennsylvania Dutch used soapwort to give beer a foamy head. The constituant saponin is now produced commercially to add foam to this beverage. Soapwort has beeen used in the past for psoriasis, eczema, acne, and boils. I has been used by Native Americans in a poultice for spleen pain. The root was used in hair tonics. LORE: None found. HOUSEHOLD : Soapwort yeilds a gentle lather when boiled. It is best for cleaning old or delicate material. Property of the Manor-House for Wiccan Studies 21. Fragaria virginiana Rosaceae(strawberry) "Strawberry leaves and roots are an excellent astringent, and useful in bowel complaints, especially for children... The roots alone are also said to be diuretic." John Gunn, 1861 COMMON NAMES : Wild Strawberry, Mountain Strawberry ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Venus GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS: Love, Luck DESCRIPTION : F. virginiana is a perennial found mainly in forests, clearings and shady road sides of the Eastern U.S. The leaves and flowers grow on petioles and stalks directly from the rootstock. This root stalk produces long rooting runners. The leaves are thin and are divided into 3 more or less ovate, coarsely toothed leaflets and are lightly hairy on lower side. Small, white flowers grow in raceme-like clusters during May and June. The berry is actually the enlarged, fleshy receptacle of the flower bearing tip of the stalk which holds the seed like fruits on its surface. Flavor more delicate than the cultivated strawberry. CULTIVATION : Strawberry grows best in rich moist soil, full sun or partial shade. PARTS OF PLANT USED : The whole plant is used. PLANT ANALYSIS : F. virginiana contains cissotianic, malic and citric acids, sugar, and mucilage. The fruit is rich in salicylates Cultivated strawberries have less medicinal value than wild strawberries. MEDICINAL USES : A tea from the leaves and roots has been used for diarrhea, dysentery, hematuria, and urinary tract problems. It is also said to be good tonic for convalescents and children. Fresh strawberry juice is said to make a good refrigerant for feverish illnesses. leaf tea said The traditional use of strawberries for rheumatism may be explained by the salicylates the berries contain. Fresh berry extract is said to lower blood pressure. It is high in iron and acts as a diuretic and aids liver function. The seeds may disturb diverticulitis. The berries are slightly laxative, but the leaves are useful in controlling extreme diarrhea. Homeopathic uses of strawberries include anasarca, chilblains, convulsions, gonorrhea, tape worm, and urticaria. A strong decoction of this plant has been used to cleans and heal eczema and other skin conditions. MEDICAL ACTION : F. virginiana is considered to be astringent, diuretic, tonic, and laxative DOSAGE : For an infusion steep 2 teaspoon leaves or rootstock in 1/2 cup boiling water. Take as needed. For a tincture of leaves take 5-15 drops in water 3 times day MAGICKAL USE : Serve strawberries as a food for love. Carry the leaves for luck. If you are pregnant, carrying the leaves will ease the pain of pregnancy. HISTORY : The name strawberry is not derived from the habit of placing straw under the cultivated plants when the berries are ripening, as reported by some. The name is older than the custom of hay. It is from obsolete verb tense of the word strew. 'Straw' is referring to the tangle of vines with which strawberry covers ground. 1629 is the date give to introduction in England of the strawberry from Virginia. The earliest mention of strawberry in English writings is a Saxon plant list of the tenth century. Then in 1265 the "straberie" is mentioned in household roll of the Countess of Leicester. The leaves of strawberry were used lotions and gargles for sore mouths and throats, or ulcered gums in colonial America. According to Elizabeth Blackwell "the fruit is accounted cordial and good for the hot bilious constitution." John Hill wrote "Also, it is good to destroy the web in a man's eyes. Also the juice of it meddled with honey and drunken, helpeth the milt." The leaves and fruit of strawberries were listed in early pharmacopoeias. The Chippewa steeped roots for children with cholera infantum. The Seneca used strawberry roots as an astringent. The runners were used for tuberculosis. In 1828 C.S. Rafinesque wrote that even though strawberries were thought of as food, they did "deserve a place among medicaments..." LORE : The strawberry is sacred to the Norse goddess Frigga. It was later associated with Mary. Farmers in Bavaria enlist the aid of elves by tying bundles of berries to cows. The farmers believed the elves loved the fruit and would help improve abundance for the farmers. The stalks of strawberry were once used in the once famous Antioch drink and vulnerary. Some recipes of this drink ordered that it should be prepared between the feasts of St. Philip and St. James, and the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION : Strawberry is a useful dentifrice and cosmetic. The fresh fruit removes discoloration on teeth. The juice is allowed to remain on the teeth for about five minutes. The teeth are then brushed with warm water and bicarbonate of soda. A cut strawberry rubbed over face immediately after washing your face will whiten the skin and remove slight sunburns. An Old Recipe: 'Gather strawberry leaves on Lamas Eve, press them in the distillery until the aromatic perfume thereof becomes sensible. Take a fat turkey and pluck him, and baste him, then enfold him carefully in the strawberry leaves. Then boil him in water from the well, and add rosemary, velvet flower, lavender, thistles, stinging nettles, and other sweet-smelling herbs. Add also a pinte of canary wine, and half a pound of butter and one of ginger passed through the sieve. Sieve with plums and stewed raisins and a little salt. Cover him with a silver dish cover." Property of GreyWing's Herbal © Opening quote of Dunn from Erichsen-Brown, Charlotte. Medicinal and Other uses of North American Plants. Dover Publications. New York, 1979 Old recipe from Grieve, M. A Modern Herbal. Vol. II. Dover Publications. New York, 1971. 22. Quaking Aspen Populus tremuloides Salicaceae "When 19th century naturalist Henry David Thoreau was canoeing in the Maine wilderness, his Indian guide claimed to be a doctor of natural medicines and able to list a medicinal use for every plant...Thoreau wrote..."I immediately tried him. He said that the inner bark of the aspen was good for sore eyes..." COMMON NAMES : White poplar, American aspen, Quaking aspen ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Saturn GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Money, Flying, Anti-theft, Eloquence DESCRIPTION : Quaking aspen is a small deciduous tree that grows 30-40 feet, sometimes up to 100 feet tall. The bark is whitish and smooth on young trees, turning brownish and rough, especially at the base, on older trees. The silhouette of this tree is narrow and symmetrical. Quaking aspen is found in open woodlands and on hillsides throughout the cooler regions of North America. The leaves are broadly ovate, finely-toothed and 1 1/3 to 2 inches long, and have fine hairs on their margins. The leaves of Populus tremuloides turn bright yellow or golden in fall. The petioles of the leaves are so and flat that they twist and bend in the slightest breeze, as if they are "quaking". Aspens are short-lived trees, even properly cared-for aspens may not reach 20 years of age. CULTIVATION : The quaking aspen likes any type of soil, but does best in well-drained, loamy soil. This tree may be propagated by layering or cuttings. PARTS OF PLANT USED : The leaves, bark, and buds of Populus tremuloides are used. Collect the bark in spring. Gather it from pruned branches or branches that have fallen to the ground. This has bitter taste but no odor. PLANT ANALYSIS : The bark of Populus tremuloides contains salicin, an aspirin like substance. It is considered anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and slightly sedative. Salicin breaks down in the body to salicylic acid, a substance related to active ingredient in aspirin. MEDICINAL ACTION : Quaking aspen is considered tonic, stimulant, febrifuge, diuretic, anodyne, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, antiseptic, astringent, bitter, and a cholagogue. MEDICINAL USES : The chief use of Populus tremuloides is for intermittent fevers. It has been used as a diuretic, and as a treatment for gonorrhea. An infusion of the bark is said to be helpful for chronic diarrhea, and a safe substitute for Peruvian bark. The traditional uses for quaking aspen include: stomach or liver disorders, arthritis, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), cancer, common cold, cystitis, debility, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, fever, fibrositis, flatulence, inflammation, rheumatism, and rheumatoid arthritis. Native American uses of this plant include: root bark tea for excessive menstrual flow; poultices made of the root for cuts and wounds; and a tea made of the inner bark for venereal disease, stomach pain, urinary ailments, worms, colds, and fevers. The leaf buds may be used in a salve for colds, coughs, and irritated nostrils. The tincture of the bark contains salicin and is a remedy for fevers, rheumatism, arthritis, and diarrhea. The buds are slightly sticky and can be made into tea or salve for internal or external use. Boil the buds in olive oil or lard to make a soothing salve. Aspen has been used externally as a wash for inflammations, cuts scratches, wounds and burns. A tea may be used for coughs or gargle for sore throat. DOSAGE : To make a decoction of the bark use 1 ounce of dried bark to 1 quart boiling water. As an Extract: 1/4 to 1 teaspoon 3 times a day, as directed by health care professional. Always take with plenty of juice or with water at mealtime, unless instructed otherwise. MAGICKAL USE : Use the leaves, bark or buds of this tree in rituals or spells concerning money or protection of property. Quaking aspen has also been used in the creation of flying ointments. HISTORY : Quaking aspen is a highly revered medicinal plant by Native American peoples. The Penobscot used the liquid of steeped bark for colds. Root of aspen was combined with balsam poplar and steeped by the Chippewa. It was used to prevent premature births. The Algonkian used the leaves in medicine for infants, and the roots in a decoction as a general tonic. The bark of young trees was used in poultices for cuts and wounds by the Ojibwa. The Potawatomi would burn the bark and mix the ashes with lard. They would apply this salve to the wounds of horses. LORE : The Ojibwa had a special use for aspen. "A boy who passed through the critical stage without fasting and obtaining a vision became ill likewise, for his soul and shadow lacked the guidance and could not work harmoniously with his body, so that blood failed to flow freely through his veins. A tonic brewed with poplar bark would then stimulate the flow of blood, and atune the boy to receive his vision." Quaking aspen is said to facilitate astral projection. Plant Populus tremuloides in your garden to protect against thieves. Place leaf under tongue if you wish to become eloquent. Property of GreyWing's Herbal © Opening quote of Thoreau from Growing and Using the Healing Herbs by Gaea and Shandor Weiss, Wings Books, New York, 1992. Quote of Ojibwa vision quest from Medicinal and Other uses of North American Plants by Charlotte Erichsen-Brown. Dover Publications, New York. 1979 . 23. Aconitum(Wolfsbane) Family Ranunclaceae "A most hastie poyson" According to Elizabethan herbalist William Turner COMMON NAMES :Aconite, Wolfsbane, Monkshood, Queen Mother, Friar's Cap ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Saturn GENDER: Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS: Protection, invisibility DESCRIPTION: There are several variaties of this plant. 2 variaties that are most popular for the garden are aconitum carmichaelii and a napellus. Carmichaelii is a little over 3 ft and is sometimes sold as a. fischeri. A. napellus is about 4 ft with more finely divided leaves. It flowers earlier than carmichaelii (July-August). CULTIVATION: Aconite does best in part shade, with deep, moist , well dug, composted soil. It will grow in full sun if mulched well. It does not like to be transplanted, so find a spot for it and let it be. Propigation is most successful by root division in autumn, every 3-4 years. It is a hardy perennial, growing in Zones 2-7 in the U.S. Soil pH 5-6. PART OF THE PLANT USED: The whole plant is used. COLLECTION : The leaves, stems, flowering tops and roots are dried. The leaves and flowering tops are used for extract of aconitum. Cut when the flowers are just breaking into blossom. The leaves are in the best condition in June. The roots are collected in autumn after the stem dies back but before the bud that is to produce next years stem has begun to develop. PLANT ANALYS : This plant contains aconitine, picratontine, aconine, benzoyoamine, and neopelline. POISIONS. These first stimulate then depress the central and peripheral nerves. A dose as little as 5 milliliters of a tincture may cause death. Cases of poisoning happen becaude the leaves of aconitum may be mistaken for wild parsley or the roots for horseradish. MEDICINAL USE : Aconite slows the heart, decreases blood pressure, induces sweating, and reduces inflammation. Applied locally, it is absorbed into the skin. It produces a warm, tingling sensation followed by numbness. Liniments containing aconite were used to relieve rheumatic and neuralgic pains. It was introduced as a medicinal herb in 1763 in Vienna. In 1788 it was added to the London Pharmacopoeia and in the first U.S. Pharmacopoeia. Because the theraputic dose is so close to the toxic dose, it was deleted from the United States and British Pharmacopoeia. MEDICIAL ACTION : Aconite id a diuretic and diaphoretic. DOSAGE: Never Attempt to use Aconitum. The Information on This Plant is for Educational Purposes Only! This Plant will Kill. MAGICKAL USE: Add to protection sachets, it is a protector. LORE : Aconite is used by werewolves to cure themselves of there "afliction". If you wrap a seed in lizard skin, it will allow you to become invisible at will. Women who were fed it daily from infancy could poison others with sexual contact. Pliny, the Roman historian, says "Aconite sprang out of the dog Cerberus when Hercules dragged him from the underworld". Aconite grows on hills of Aconitus where the fight took place. The dog guarded the entrance of Hades. The deadly poison of the aconite plant is from the saliva of Cerberus dripping on the plant as the fight progressed. Pliny believed wolfsbane would neutralize poision of scorpions and "even at a long distance" aconite's smell would kill rats and mice. Hecate, the Greek goddess of magic arts and spells, poisoned her father with aconite. Meda is said to have killed Thesus with it. HISTORY : The name wolfsbane comes from the fact that is was used as a poision to eradicate the wolf from the European continent. It was added to meat that was used as bait. In imperial Rome, it was used as a human poison. Its use was so prevalent the Emperior Trajon forbade the growing of it. If you were found growing it the punishment was death. In ancient times on the island of Ceos, in the Agean Sea, it was given to old men when they became ill and were no longer useful to the state. In Europe and Asia, soldiers dropped aconite into water supplies of enemies. In the Middle Ages aconite was mixed with belladona in ointments called "flying ointment". This ointment was rubbed on their bodies. Irregular heartbeat action was produced by aconite and delirum was caused by the belladonna. This combination of actions may have produced the sensation of "flying". I have found a few recipies for "flying ointment", but none with aconite in it. SYMPTOMS OF POISIONING : Tingling and numbness of the tongue and mouth, sensation of ants crawling over the body, nausea, vomiting with epigastric pain, labored breathing, irregular and weak pulse, cold and clammy skin, paleness, giddiness, staggering. 1/50 of a grain of Aconitine will kill a small bird in a few seconds, 1/10 of a grain will kill a rabbit in 5 minutes. 1/100 of a grain will act locally to produce well-marked sensation in any part of the body of a human for a whole day. The juice applied to a wounded finger afects the whole system, causing pain in the limbs, a sense of suffocation and syncope, slow heart rate intense thirst, headache, coldness, paralysis, convulsions and coma. 24. Wood Sorrel Oxalis corniculata (europae) Oxalidaceae About O. montana: "the herb is powerfully and most agreeably acid, making a refreshing and wholesome conserve with fine sugar." Dr. Francis Peyre Porcher 1863 COMMON NAMES : Wood Sorrel, Creeping Wood Sorrel, Yellow Wood Sorrel, Sour Grass, Toad-Sorrel, Lady's-Sorrel, Indian-Sorrel, Wood Sour, Hallelujah ELEMENT : Earth RULING PLANET : Venus GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWERS : Healing, Health DESCRIPTION : Wood sorrel is a low spreader that roots where its nodes touch the ground. Creeping stems emerge from a slender tap root. The clover-shaped leaves have a sour taste, are palmate, and are divided into 3 heart shaped leaflets, and are attached to the tip of a long petiole. They are usually smooth with hairs at the edge. The leaves and stems are often have a slight purple color. Each leaflet is 1/2-3/4 wide. The leaves close each night at dusk and reopen in the morning. The flowers are usually borne singly but sometimes appear in umbels. They are radially symmetrical, sepals numbering 5, and usually separate at the base. The flowers are yellow and are 1/2 in wide, petals numbering 5, 10 stamens, with 10 erect pistils. Wood sorrel flowers May-October. The fruit is a seed capsule on a straight or ascending stalk. The seed capsules are hairy, cylindrical and 1/3 to 1 inch long, with 10-50 seeds in each. Mature seed pods open explosively, and can send seeds 10 feet. CULTIVATION: Wood sorrel will grow anywhere, in full sun or shade. It is not particular about is surroundings and is considered a "weed." Its habitat is waste ground, roadsides and fields. There is no need to plant it, it will spring up between plants in the garden. Once in the garden, it is very difficult to remove. The seeds need light for germination. Best temperatures are between 60° to 80°F for germination. PART OF PLANT USED : The leaves and stalks of wood sorrel may be used. PLANT ANALYSIS : The leaves of wood sorrel have a high oxalic acid content. MEDICINAL ACTION : The actions and uses for O. corniculata are similar to O.acetosella. They are considered antiseptic, diuretic, antiscorbutic. MEDICINAL USES : This plant appears to no longer be used as a medicinal herb. Traditional uses include : Stomachache, conjunctivitis, coughs, gingivitis, prickly-heat, stomatitis, sore mouths and throats, skin sores, scurvy an antiseptic, and removal of worms. DOSAGE : 1 tablespoon of the herb infused in 1 cup boiling water. No more than 2 cups per day. Excessive doses can cause hemorrhage and diarrhea due to internal irritation. Oxalate poisoning is the result. MAGICAL USES : Use wood sorrel in rituals and spells for healing. HISTORY : The family Oxalidaceae is a widespread family of eight genera and 1000 species of herbs, shrubs and a few trees. These plants are called wood sorrels to distinguish from the field and meadow sorrels, Rumex. The genus name Oxalidaceae is from the Greek "oxys", meaning sour. A European introduction, wood sorrel is now a common garden weed around the world. In 1548 Turner wrote, "oxys is called in English Alleluya, Cockowes Meate, and Wood Sorel." It was called Alleluia "because it appeareth about Easter when Alleluya is sung again," meaning the hymns of Lent. Canon Young, in 1945, suggested "the plant may have been so named because its threefold leaf was thought to illustrate the Holy Trinity. Blooming about St. Patrick's Day, it has often been identified with the plant the saint is said to have used... now commonly called shamrock." Wood sorrel was used as a "cure" cancer and was listed in the 1894 Household Guide for Toronto. There are records of wood sorrels being used for cancer in folk medicine in Europe, Asia, and North America. The Cherokee used this plant as an oral aid for a sore mouth and throat, a cancer treatment, and as a hookworm remedy. An infusion of the leaves of wood sorrel was taken as a remedy for vomiting. A salve for sores was made with an infusion of the leaves mixed with sheep grease. LORE : Carry the dried leaves of wood sorrel to protect against heart disease. Place a sprig of wood sorrel in your bedroom to help you recuperate from illness. CULINARY : The sour taste of the leaves is distinctive and quite strong. Use the leaves sparingly in salads. The seeds served as food during famine. Quotes from Turner and Young may be found in "The History and Folklore of North American Wildflowers" by Timothy Coffey. 1993. 25. Achillea Millefolium(Yarrow) Family Compositae "King Achilles found this herb and with it he healed his men that were wounded with iron." 16th Century herbalist Richard Bankes * Do not use this herb if you are pregnant * COMMON NAMES : Yarrow, Arrowroot, Bad Man's Plaything, Carpenter's Weed, Death Flower, Devil's Nettle, Eerie, Field hops, Gearwe, Hundred Leaved Grass, Knight's Milefoil, Knyghten, Milefolium, Noble Yarrow, Nosebleed, Old Man's Mustard, Old Man's Pepper, Sanguinary, Seven Year's Love, Snake's Grass, Soldier's Woundwort, Stanch Weed, Thousand Seal, Wound Wort, Yarroway, Yerw ELEMENT : Water RULING PLANET : Venus GENDER : Feminine MAGICKAL POWER : Protection, Courage, Love, Psychic powers, Exorcism MAGICKAL USES : When held in the hand, it stops all fear and gives courage. When yarrow is worn it protects the person who wears it. Yarrow attracts attention of those you most want to see. Use yarrow in love spells. Carry yarrow to attract friends and distant relations you wish to contact. DESCRIPTION : The stem is angular and rough, the leaves alternate, 3 to 4 inches long and 1 inch wide. The leaves clasp the stem at the base, bipinnatifid, the segments very finely cut, giving the leaves a feathery appearance. This herb flowers June to September. The flowers are white, shaped like miniature daisies, are in flattened, terminal, loose heads or cymes. The whole plant is more or less hairy, with white, silky appressed hairs. CULTIVATION : Sun, soil sweetened with lime, good drainage, and add compost. Divide in spring or fall. Grown easily from seed. COLLECTION : The whole plant above ground should be gathered when in flower between June and September. PARTS OF THE PLANT USED : Aerial parts PLANT ANALYSIS : Up to 0.5 per cent volatile oil, flavonoids, tannins, a bitter alkaloid, salicylic acid derivatives, thujone, a principle called achilleic acid which is said to be identical with aconitic acid, resin, gum, nitrates, phosphates, chlorides of potash and lime. MEDICINAL USE : Prescribed by herbalists for high blood pressure and the threat of blood clotting, or thrombosis. It stimulates the digestion and tones the blood vessels. The use of yarrow is indicated in infections such as cystitis for use as a urinary antiseptic. It is useful to stop hemorrhage of the lungs, bowels, and other internal bleeding. Also used for influenza, measles, smallpox, chicken pox, fevers and acute catarrh of the respiratory tract. Yarrow has influence over dyspepsia, amenorrhea, suppressed or restrained menses and in menorrhagia or profuse continued menstruation. Chewing the leaves will frequently ease the pain of a toothache Used externally it will aid in the healing of wounds. Yarrow is considered to be specific in thrombotic conditions associated with high blood pressure. Yarrow is a good insect repellent. You may splash on the body in tea form, or rub the flowers on the body to repel mosquitoes. Yarrow tea makes a good mouthwash for canker sores. It is said to tighten the uterus and to cause contractions to bring down the placenta after bearing a child. Thus, it is contraindicated for pregnant women. Externally, decoction and poultices are used for surface or subcutaneous skin conditions. Clinically, recent recognition has been given to extracts and decoctions for stomach sickness, especially ulcers, and for bleeding and gastritis. Apply yarrow tea or expressed fresh yarrow juice compress to sore nipples. The infusion may be used in the early stages of colds. MEDICINAL ACTION : Diaphoretic, hypotensive, astringent, diuretic, antiseptic. Yarrow is one of the best diaphoretic herbs. It lowers blood pressure due to a dilation of the peripheral vessels. This action is also helpful for varicose veins and piles. The salicylic acid derivatives (asprin) may account for its use in treating fevers and reducing pain. The thujone in sufficient quantities can cause abortions. DOSAGE : For an infusion pour a cup of boiling water onto 1-2 teaspoons of dried herb and leave to infuse for 10-15 minutes. Drunk hot three times a day. When feverish it should be drunk hourly. May be sweetened with sugar or honey. This infusion may also be used as a lotion for compresses on painful varicose veins. For a tincture, take 2-4 ml of the tincture three times a day. HISTORY : The name Millefolium is derived from the the many segments of its foliage. The most authentic way to cast the I Ching uses dried yarrow stalks. The stems are said to be good for divining the future. This common weed has been used for centuries. It was used crushed on fresh cuts and bruises or added to a lard ointment to heal bruises. Native Americans, including the Blackfoot, Illinois, Miami, Micmac, and Ute, used yarrow for injuries and sores. At least 46 tribes used yarrow. They found 28 ailments that responded to it. The Blackfoot used an infusion of yarrow leaf and flower for an eye wash. The Winnebago steeped the whole plant and poured the liquid into an aching ear. Greek physician Dioscorides smeared yarrow on ulcers to prevent inflammation. In the 1500s, the British herbalist John Gerard recommended it for relieving "swelling of those secret parts." Since the 15th century Russian herbalists have used yarrow as a tea, decoction, with vodka, for bleeding, stomach sickness, gastritis, ulcers, dysentery, diarrhea, cold, cough, among other things. In the sixteenth century, yarrow was commonly called "nosebleed." A use for this plant calls for the leaves to be crushed and packed into the nostrils to stop the bleeding. In some accounts, the plant was supposed to cause the bleeding. An old treatment for a headache was to cause bleeding from the nose. The yarrow's history of use as a wound healer goes right up to the American Civil War. The Shakers knew of yarrow. They used in a variety of complaints ranging from hemorrhage to flatulence. It was used enough to be included in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia from 1836 to 1882. As of 1982, yarrow still appeared in the pharmacopoeias of Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Switzerland. In Sweden it is called "Field Hop" and has been used in the manufacture of beer. LORE : Some people believed that you could determine the devotion of a lover by poking a yarrow leaf up your nostril and twitching the leaf while saying, "Yarroway, Yarroway, bear a white blow: if my love loves me, my nose will bleed now." Homer tells us that the centaur Chiron, who conveyed herbal secrets to his human pupils, taught Achilles to use yarrow on the battle grounds of Troy. Achilles is said to have used it to stop the bleeding wounds of his soldiers. For centuries it has been carried in battle because of its magical as well as medicinal properties. Yarrow grows native in the orient. Oriental tradition assured mountain wanderers that where the yarrow grew neither tigers nor wolves nor poisonous plants would be found.. Nursery rhymes say if you put a yarrow sachet under your pillow, you will dream of your own true love. If you dream of cabbages (the leaves do have a similar scent), then death or other serious misfortune will strike. Yarrow was one of the herbs put in Saxon amulets. These amulets were for protection from everything from blindness, to barking dogs. In the Middle Ages, witches were said to use yarrow to make incantations. This may be the source for the common names devil's nettle, devils plaything, and bad man's plaything. Western European tradition connects yarrow with a goddess and a demon. Yarrow was a witching herb, used to summon the devil or drive him away. But it was also a loving herb in the domain of Aphrodite. Chinese proverbs claim that yarrow brightens the eyes and promotes intelligence. Hang a bunch of dried yarrow or yarrow that had been used in wedding decorations over the bed, to ensure a lasting love for at least seven years. Washing your hair with an infusion of yarrow will prevent baldness, but will not cure it if it already has begun. Yarrow was also used to exorcise evil and negativity from a person, place or thing.