Book of Shadows

1.The Development of a New "Old Religion"
2.The Rede 
3.On Gods and Goddesses
4.Tenets of Belief*
5.Planes of Existance*
6.Symbolism of the Circle
7.Wheel of the year
 7a.Yule
 7b.Yule Ritual
8.Why the Name "Sabbat"
9.The Dictionary
10.Grounding
11.Visualization
   a. Exercises 
12.Find Your Craft Name
13.Meditation - A Begining*
14.Creating Your Sacred Space
15.Tools
16.Altars and Altar Setup
17.Other Supplies*
18.Color Correspondence for Candle Magic
19.Dressing a Candle for Ritual
20.Candle Magick Basics
21.The Principles of the Elements
22.Lunar Phases and Magick 
23.Making Bayberry Candles
24.Make a Witch's Ladder Charm
25.Poppets
26Pouches*
    *coming soon



1.                              THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW "OLD RELIGION"



England in the 1800's saw a change in the people who inhabited the growing cities. As the cities 
grew in both size and population, the people had a longing for the country life, a connection to 
the land and all of nature. The earth of the farm had been replaced by the dirt of the city. 
This hunger for a romantic portrayal of nature started a new interest in the "old way" of life. 
Writers and artists of this time found a way to recapture the life left behind. 
Nature was the theme, and ancient images the vehicle. The Victorian writer's and artist's favorite 
way to portray nature was to use the Greek and Roman pantheons of gods and goddesses. Pan, 
a minor Greek god of nature, was brought up from relative obscurity to be a major god of nature 
in works by Kenneth Grahame and Oscar Wilde, among others.
A group of artists known as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was formed in 1848. Pre-Rephalelite 
artists include John Everet Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Holman Hunt, and several woman artists 
such as Evelyn de Morgan, Elizabeth Siddal, and Marie Spartali-Stillman among others. This group 
of artists chose the name Pre-Raphaelite because they wanted to return to the style of painting 
before Raphael. Raphael's work was considered soulless and unimaginative, and colorless. 
The Pre-Raphaelites painted directly from nature with truthfulness, and many used classical themes. 
Many of the classical art works on this site are from these Pre-Raphaelite artists.
Gaia, Greek Earth Mother, creator of the universe, became the favorite female symbol of nature 
and the female spirit of the Earth. She is the personification of the female spirit and is also 
known as Mother Earth and Mother Nature. She appears in the literature and art of the era, 
and by the 1900s the domination of the Goddess and Horned God was complete.
Folk rituals and customs were believed to be passed down generation to generation and that they 
were remnants of an "Old Religion." This was the thinking since the time of the Renaissance. 
It has been shown in further research that few cases are as old as they are claimed to be and 
none are from an ancient organized religion. 
In the 16th and 17th century it was popular to attribute the folk rituals and customs to the 
Romans. In the 18th and 19th century the credit went to the Druids. It just depended on the 
whims of what was popular at the time.
Late in the 19th century, Sir James Frazer published "The Golden Bough." Frazer was influenced 
by the theory of evolution as put by Charles Darwin. It was the time of the beginning of archaeology. 
The discovery of fossil remains and the evolution theory all contributed to the book.
Frazer theorized the possibility of folk customs being the remnants of an ancient religion. 
He said it may be possible to reconstruct this religion by a comparative study of these customs 
and set out to do so. Scholars of the time never accepted the theory, and it is now known the 
book has many faults in the theories as written.
The motivation for Frazier's work on the "Golden Bough" was not a love of nature and beauty, but 
a detesting of all religions, including Christianity. Frazer felt that all religion was backward 
and wanted a progress to a better and wiser society without a need for "inferior" ritual behavior.
Frazer's work was embraced enthusiastically by collectors of folk customs and many folklore societies. 
The content of "The Golden Bough" was mixed with the nostalgia of the writers and artists of the time. 
It all got swept up and stirred together to create an old fertility religion with connections to 
nature, gods and goddesses, and spirits. 

                                
                        HOW THIS LEADS TO A NEW RELIGION: WICCA


Before the publishing of the Malleus Malifacarum, the "Hammer of the Witches," and the beginning 
of the Inquisition, there are no records of witches covens, pacts made with the Devil, Sabbats or Esbats. 
No one seems to want to admit that much of Wicca is based on the texts of the witch hunts and is not an 
ancient religion that went underground during the time to the Inquisition. 
The origins of the "Great Witch Hunt" were hotly debated during the 18th and 19th centuries. 
Scholars laughed at the idea of the possibility of magick. It was accepted as non-existent and 
the belief of witches thought laughable. This attitude made a mockery of the traditions of the 
church. From the church's point of view, this was not allowable.
A German scholar named Karl-Ernst Järcke, suggested that there was a surviving ancient, pre-Christian, 
German, Pagan religion at the time. He claimed the accused witches were followers of that religion. 
This argument made the persecutions and deaths justifiable, and according to Järke, the church 
was correct in what they had done. The church was naturally happy with this explanation. 
The 19th century historian, Jules Michelet, began to write in opposition to this. Michelet was 
against the power of the church and used material from anti-clerical pamphlets that were circulated 
at the time for his works.
In 1862 Michelet published the work entitled "La Sorcier." The idea behind the book was to show 
a feminine, pagan, witch religion that was lead by a Priestess. It was described as nature loving, 
peaceful and democratic. Michelet proposed the Pagans of the Middle Ages knew of a fertility cult 
that predated Christianity and adapted what they knew of it to fit their needs. The book "La
Sorciere" has also been described as the basis for the Satanist's ideology. In the work, the 
priestess's nude body served as the altar, allowing Michelet to parody the Mass of the Church. 
The book went on to be a bestseller. No matter how different Wicca and Satanism have become, the 
roots are quite close, both using the papers from the Inquisition and "La Sorciere" for ideas.
Then we have Charles Godfrey Leland. An American writer and folklorist. In 1899 Leland published 
a booklet titled "Aradia, or the Gospels of the Witches." He claimed the text was given to him 
by a woman named Maddalena, who said it was the book of the local witches. Leland said the witches 
that used the book were still in existence and in the area. The work is said to be directly
inspired by Michelet's "La Sorciere" and argues against the nostalgia for the Middle Ages. 
This form of Italian Witchcraft was more far more feminist than the work of Michelet, and made 
the main deity a Goddess. "Aradia," along with some of Leland's other works, contain the phrase 
"la Vecchia Religion," meaning the Old Religion. This may be where Wicca took the reference
of being the "Old Religion." Aradia also contains the Charge of the Goddess, still seen in many 
different forms. The Charge describes the Goddess and ways to worship her.
Leland's book, "Aradia," is primarily used in the Strega Tradition today. It contains what appears 
to be the original version of the "Charge of the Goddess." Doreen Valiente, a prominent witch 
living in England, wrote a version of the Charge for the Gardnarian Tradition. This poem is 
incorporated into other traditions also. Her version has interpretations made by other witches 
and is used around the world today.
The works of Frazer, Michelet and Leland captured the imagination of Egyptologist, folklorist, 
and anthropologist, Margaret Murry. In 1921 she wrote "The Witch Cult in Western Europe." She 
reexamined documents of the Inquisition. She also used texts such as H.C. Lea's "History of the 
Inquisition," written in 1888. Murry's book tried to reinforce the idea that Witchcraft was the 
surviving pagan pre-Christian religion of Old Europe. Her book "God of the Witches," published 
in 1933 also showed a universal pagan religion of ancient Europe. She claimed the persecuted 
witches of the Inquisition where followers of the surviving religion, and their god was covered 
with hair. With the influence of other writers and artists, she described a god very much like Pan. Murry
never produced any proof and her work has largely been discredited, even though it was one of 
the driving forces of the "revival" of Wicca. Her idea of an ancient organized religion of Western 
Europe, a fertility worshiping society, where the god dies and is reborn as shown in the seasons, 
is the basis of Wicca. 
There has been no traceable evidence to support the theory of an ancient witch religion. There 
are no ancient writings, no traceable family lineage, no evidence of covens, no proof. The first 
evidence came from England at the end of the 1930's. A group of Cambridge students gathered to 
practice a religion based on the works mentioned. It is the first evidence of any such group. 
No doubt, there are family traditions and folk magick that go further back, but it is not a 
religion that has traceable ancient roots.
The Modern Craft is based on the works of the writers mentioned, and of Englishman Gerald Gardner. 
After the repeal of the Witchcraft Act in England in 1951, there was a resurgence of interest in 
what came to be known as The Old Ways. Gardner claimed he was initiated into a coven by hereditary 
witch with a lineage that was unbroken. It is now known the works of Charles Godfrey Leland, 
Margaret Murry, Rudyard Kipling, Ovid, Aleister Crowley, Doreen Valiente, among others, form the 
basic components of Gardner's rituals. They were not handed down from an old coven. Valiente was 
a major force in rewriting rituals and bringing the Goddess into the group. Gardner's rituals and 
structure were drawn from Celtic Druidry and the mysteries of Freemasonry, the Key of Solomon, 
and The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Gardner combined ideas and rituals from all of
these sources, and mixed in a little folk magick. Today's Wicca is a combination based on the works 
of Gardner and present day Wiccans such as Raymond Buckland, Starhawk, Janet and Stewart Farrar, 
Scott Cunningham, and many others. We acknowledge them in helping to bring Wicca, in its many forms, 
to all who wish to learn.



2.                                  On Gods and Goddesses


The religion of the Goddess has been called both polytheistic and monotheistic at the same time. 
The Goddess is polytheistic in that she has so many names and forms. She is also monotheistic in 
that the are all symbols of the single Great Mother, the Creator of All. Joseph Campbell, the 
historian and mythologist, calls this syncretism.

The Goddess is seen as the power of the feminine, as the creator of all. She is a way to connect to
all life on this planet. The Goddess is also an image that has been embraced as a symbol of strength
for abused women, a way for self acceptance and esteem, and a model for all women. She is seen
in a triple aspect of Maiden, Mother, and Crone. The number 3 is considered sacred in many
goddess cultures. The triple aspect of the Goddess enforces the concept. 

The trinity of the aspects of the Goddess is also a way to understand and acknowledge the three
major stages of human life: youth, parenthood and maturity. The Three aspects of Maiden, Mother,
and Crone can also be seen in the three phases of the moon, Full, Waxing and Waning. The cycle of
the Goddess is seen in the cycle of human life and in the cycles of the harvest: the empty field, 
seeds planted and growing, then the harvest.

                                        -------------

The Maiden

The Maiden is associated with the colors white, light pink and light yellow. She symbolizes youth 
and anticipation of life, the continuation of life, the season of spring, and the waxing Moon. 
The Maiden is associated with purity and nature, and is usually seen in the company of animals. 
In the aspect of the Maiden we see the world with child-like wonder, the beauty of a feather, 
the mystery of a seed. We also see the Maiden as huntress and warrior, as Athene and Artemis 
are known to be.

The Mother

The color associated with the Mother is red, the color of blood and the life force, and green, 
a fertile color. The Mother symbolizes summer, ripening, birth, the high point of the cycle, adult 
and parenthood, and the full Moon. In ancient societies, the pregnant Mother was a metaphor for the
fertile fields that sustained the people of the land. The menstrual blood of the Mother has been
associated with magick and ritual since Paleolithic times and was thought to have power for healing
and fertility.

The Crone

The color most associated with the Crone is black, followed by dark purple and grey. The Crone
symbolizes death and the end of cycles, winter, night, menopause, age, wisdom, counsel, and the
waning Moon. The Crone shows us the way to death and reincarnation. The Crone is past
menopause, she has the mystery of time behind her. In the aspect of the Crone we understand that
death is a part of life, not something to be feared. She is the teacher of the secret and the hidden.

                                        --------------


Ancient European pantheons (a group of gods originating with a certain people), are dominated by
the Goddess. She is the creator of the universe, generator of all life. All agricultural societies 
appear to have worshiped a goddess at one point in their history. In the earliest known creation 
stories, the Goddess, Mother Nature, call her what you wish, is said to be the source of all being. 

The Goddess surrounds us, to be found in the earth, moon and stars. She is found in the ebb and
flow of the tides, She is found in the bud of a flower. She is found in the creatures of the world. 
And the Goddess is found inside us. The bodies of women are sacred and holy, not a thing of revulsion
that some of the religions of man would have us believe. If the Goddess is inside us and all that
surround us, shouldn't we treat all lives as sacred, including ourselves?

Still, she is a mystery never to be fully known.

Why do Wiccans/Witches have so many Goddesses and Gods? Each brings a different strength or
attribute to help us in what we are doing. When we work with a goddess we have her power to
draw on. For example, Athena will bring creativity and assertiveness, Hera her motivation in new
endeavors. Call upon these goddesses when starting a new project. Some Wiccans draw upon the
energy of the goddess by tapping into the power of "nature." The Goddesses and Gods can be seen
as real beings or as archetypes, (prototypes). The power of all the goddesses and gods of the world
are in the very nature of us all. It is within us and in the other inhabitants of this planet, 
we just have to learn to access that power. It is the power to conjure and create. The diversity 
of the gods and goddess may help to express the diversity of creation.


In Wicca, the Goddess and the God are seen as equals, neither can exist without the other. Female
and male are needed for true life. The Great Mother giving life and giving birth to the world, the God
by her side, at times part human, part spirit, part animal. The Goddess and the God each contain a bit
of each other, neither is complete without the partner. They compliment each other and are
necessary for proper balance.


The God

The God is usually seen as lover, consort, and son of the Goddess. Both are needed for creation and
balance. It is a balance that is shown in myth after myth, culture after culture. As with the Goddess,
the God also has many names and associations. There is the god as lover, warrior, and the Horned
God of the forests. And there is the god of the mysterious Underworld.

Before the understanding of the biology of humans, pregnancy was thought to be caused by
ancestral spirits or the light of the moon. When humans better understood themselves, the God was
seen as a life force, an impregnator, and hunter. He has been depicted in art as part animal with
horns of a deer or goat and erect phallus. He is also seen as the "Green Man", Lord of the forests.

The power of the God is called upon when help in logic and analysis is wanted. He is also associated
with the sun and animals. His association with the sun brings the greening of the harvest. He is the
harvest, the animals of the forest, the hunter of those animals when necessary, and the ruler of the
woods and mountains. He is the lord of light and represents all that is vital. Women may call upon
the God when she feels she needs the strength and assertiveness that he may bring to her.

The first male god form was said to emerge from the Earth Mother. Myths of the creation and the
Goddess and God abound in this world, but there are common threads that run through all of them.
The God representing the sun, dies each year, only to be reborn in the spring. The story of the
Goddess and God are cyclical, as are the seasons of the year. Spring, summer, autumn, winter can
be seen in the stories of the Goddess and God. Birth, death, and rebirth are the lessons to be learned.
All that dies will return with the sun. The eight holidays of the Wheel are derived from the Creation
myths.


Choose the Goddess and God you wish to work with carefully. Research different pantheons.
Decide which ones will be best for the working. Your choice may be different with each ritual,
depending on the circumstances and desired outcome. Some Wiccans prefer to work with the
energy that surrounds us, the energy of the Universe, instead of a particular goddess or god. Use
whatever you feel more comfortable with.



                             Copyright © content by AutumnCrystal GreyWing


3.Tenets of Belief
4.planes of Existance



5.                            The Rede
Bide by the Wiccan Law ye must,Be in perfect love and perfect trust.Eight 
words the Wiccan Rede fulfill:An it harm none, do what ye will.Lest in self 
defence it be,Always mind the Rule of Three.Follow this in mind and heart, 
And merry ye meet and merry ye part.


6.                    Symbolism of the Circle 
This brief history of the symbolism of a circle will start at Stonehenge. 
It was built around 2000 B.C.E. It has been shown to be an astronomical clock 
and cosmic calculator. Stonehenge follows the movement of the moon, sun, 
and planetary constellations. Many stone circles such as Stonehenge are found 
around the world. These circles were also used as sacred sites. Celebration
rituals and dedications took place there. At that time astrology and astronomy 
were considered the same. The zodiac we know today derived from the study 
and practice of these arts. The word "zodiac" is taken from the Greek
word zoidiakos, meaning "signal" or "circle" and is incorporated into the 
word ziodion, meaning "animal circle". For nearly all early civilizations, 
the circle represented ultimate cosmic order. Early people believed that the 
universe has held together by a binding force, or thread. This was
represented by the ouroboros, a snake swallowing its own tail. In this way 
the circle became the symbol of perfection, representing the unity of self; 
the heart of humanity; the seed; the womb.
The circle became synonymous with the spiritual Wheel of Life. It represent 
the conscious and subconscious; heaven and earth; nothing and all; the psyche 
and the universe. In ancient Egypt the mathematical number 0 was thought of 
as the number of Nut, mother of Osiris, Isis, Nephthys and Set. It was considered 
holy, a place where all knowledge came from. It was the ultimate symbol of 
fertility and the feminine. Native Americans have the medicine wheel or sacred 
hoop.There are four cardinal directions which represent various stages of 
growth and enlightenment. The soul must pass through these stages to complete 
the "Good Red Road" of physical life. The life, death, and life cycle is
symbolized in the circle.

                            Casting
Wiccans usually cast a circle which is about 9 ft. in diameter. This size 
evokes the power of Mars. The circle is usually opened by walking counterclockwise 
around it. The counterclockwise movement is called going widdershins. Some 
wiccans construct the circle with their wand, athame, or their finger. The 
circle is closed by walking clockwise or what is known as deosil, the
path of the sun. Some Wiccans open and close a circle by reversing these, 
opening deosil and closing widdershins. It depends on the tradition followed 
or solitary practices. Make sure you will not be interrupted when casting 
your circle. Interruptions dissipate the flow of energy. If you are working 
inside, the room needs to be well ventilated because of the burning herbs or 
incense. If you are working outside, be sure it is private. You do not want 
anyone to interrupt.


7.                              Wheel of the Year


Pagans follow the changes of seasons with anticipation and celebrations. The cycle of spring,
summer, autumn, and winter is called the Wheel of the Year.
Myths of the creation and the Goddess and God abound in this world, but there are common
threads that run through all. You are able to discern the seasons of nature in all of these stories.
The eight holidays of the Wheel are derived from the Creation myths. The Wheel will turn. 

                                        A Creation Myth

In the beginning there was She. She was All and All was She. She was the creator. She was alone
and wanted to be so no longer. She, the Mother of All, created life out of herself. She created
Him.
He was born to Her and grew strong. She, the Creator, recovered easily from the birth and also
grew strong.
He who came from The Mother of All was maturing.
He Who was Her Son became her Lover and Consort. She became with child.
He who was Her Consort reached the peak of his power.
He who was her Lover, grew older.
His time was over and He who was Her Son and Consort died.
She who was the Creator was again alone. But She was with Child and He who was Her Son
would be born again.
And the circle continues...

                                  This is the Wheel of the Year

This never-ending circle marks the changing of the seasons and the travels of the sun. The events
on this calendar are rooted in the solar and lunar celebrations of the Celts.

                                         Solar Holidays

These Craft holidays are associated with a sun diety, and are called Sabbats. Sabbats are the
eight standard holidays during each year. They represent the natural cycle of birth, death and
rebirth. Pages will be added focusing on each of these holidays



YULE : Winter Solstice, December 20 or 21
A celebration of the return of the journey of the sun. Also known as a Quarter

IMBOLC : February 2
The sun is getting stronger. A time of creativity and inspiration. Also known as a Cross Quarter.

OSTARA : Spring Equinox, about March 21
First day of spring. A time of starting new. warmth and light. Also known as a Quarter

BELTANE : May 1
The flourishing of new growth. It is a time of love. Also known as a Cross Quarter.

MIDSUMMER : Summer Solstice, About June 21 
A time of nature's bounty. Known as a Quarter

LUGHNASADH : (pronounced loo-na-sa) August 1
Summer is waning, a time of giving thanks for the bounty. Also known as a Cross Quarter.

MABON : (Autumn Equinox) About September 1
The light begins to grow less, and the God, is the final harvest, when the fields are clear of their
bounty. Winter is coming. It is a time of balance. Known as a Quarter

SAMHAIN : (pronounced sow-en) October 31
This day marks the Pagan new year, and commonly known as Halloween. The veil between the
worlds of life and death is thin on this night, we take this time to remember our loved ones who
have died. The God gives his life up to the land, and passes into the Shadowland, only to be
reborn again at Yule. Also known as a Cross Quarter.

Celebrations for these holidays usually cover 3 days: the day before, the day of, and the day after.
The dates of the solstices at midsummer and midwinter and equinoxes in spring and autumn vary
depending on the Suns entry into the zodiacal signs of Capricorn for the winter solstice or Cancer
for the summer solstice, Aries for the spring equinox and Libra for the autumnal equinox. 
The wheel turns again. It is the story of life, death and rebirth of the God, the land and the crops.
It is the story of the Goddess and God, and it is the story of our lives.
If you are not able to take a day off from work for these celebrations, take a moment out of the
day to recognize the Wheel. During Yule, if you are where it snows, hear the crunch of the snow
under your feet as you walk. Really listen to the sound and rejoice in the season. In spring, 
feel the increasing warmth of the sun, in autumn breath deep the scent of the dropping leaves. 
Enjoy the flourishing of the flowers in summer and follow the Wheel of the Year.
 
                   Property of the Manor-House for Wiccan Studies © 1998 GreyWing


7a.                                           YULE



	Also known as Yuletide, Winter Solstice (20th or 21st of December) and once called Alban Arthan 
by Druids.The day of the Winter Solstice is the year's shortest day. It is when the days start to lengthen, 
overcoming the waning sun. In creation myth, it is a celebration of the birth of the sun god child. 
The word solstice, from the Latin sol stetit, means "sun standing still." The sun appears to be in the same 
spot in the sky for about 6 days. Yule is descended from a Norse Festival celebrating the rebirth of the sun. 
It was assimilated in the Middle Ages into Christmas, along with the very pagan decorations of holly, ivy, pine, 
lighted trees, wassail, gifts and feasting. It is a solar festival using fire, candles and logs. Celebrations included 
feasting, ale, and fires. The word yule is said to derive from an old Norse word iul meaning wheel. The Norse symbol of 
Yule is a wheel, said to be from the wheel of life. This time of year is a major turning point, when the sun returns. 
This holiday is sacred to the sun gods Horus, Aloo, Bel, Baldur and others. In Dianic traditions Yule is sacred to the 
sun goddesses Uarinna, Amaterasu, and Bast. Some say the name Yule may be from an earlier Anglo-Saxon spelling geolor 
it may be related to geolo meaning yellow or geoleca meaning yolk. Many traditions are combined in this holiday : 
Roman, Saxon, Celtic, Norse etc. It was so universal in its celebration it could not be eliminated by the church. 
It was incorporated into Christianity.  
HISTORY :  Yule is descended from a Norse festival, known as Hweolot-tid, the turning time, that celebrated the 
return of the sun. Romans had a similar holiday called Saturnalia. It began on December 19. Saturnalia was a celebration 
of the the new god Jupiter (Deus Pater) winning a battle of the old father god, Saturn. Counterparts in Celtic myth are 
Bran and Bel and in Greek myth, Cronos and Zeus. Both holidays took place during the solstice, when the sun entered the 
sign of Capricorn. The ruler of Capricorn was Saturn. During the holiday, social distinctions were turned, the slaves 
were waited on by their masters at the feasts. Decorations included evergreen boughs. Presents were passed between 
family and friends to honor loved ones. Saturnalia was also known as Dies Natalis Invicti Solis "day of of the 
unconquered sun." The Wheel of the Year was turning. A new god was conceived to see the transition through. Janus is 
the god with 2 faces : one facing the year past and one toward the future. His name may be found the month known as January. 
Foods for this holiday celebration included figs, plums, dates, pears, apples, pomegranates, cakes, nut breads, mulled wine 
and cider. The Pagans of Rome and the Norse traditions considered this holiday the start of the new year. Roman explorers 
brought their holiday traditions with them to Ireland.  The Winter Solstice festival of the Celts then blended with the Roman 
holiday. When Christianity developed, the holiday had to be absorbed because it was so prevalent it could not be eradicated. 
Many of the old Pagan traditions may be seen in the holiday of Christmas. Holly, mistletoe, evergreens, candles, fire, are 
recognized by all. Many of these customs originated with the Norse, Romans and Druids. In Wicca some observe this tradition, 
some consider Samhain (halloween) as the beginning of the year.   
TRADITIONAL DECORATIONS :  Oak: Oak was revered widely. The oak groves were home of the Druid's God and represented power. 
The oak also stood for Diana and her successive lovers. Bay The use of bay descends from the Roman's use of this plant and 
its association with the Roman Sun God Apollo. Bay was adopted by the Celts for use in blessings of strength and health in the 
New Year. 
Holly: The oak and holly are sacred to the druids. They represent the myth of the battle of the Oak and Holly Kings. 
The Oak King, representing rebirth, fights with the Holly King, representing death, and defeats him. The sun begins to get stronger. 
The Oak Kings rules till the Summer Solstice when the fight begins again, this time the Holly King wins. The sun gets weaker. 
We may find remnants of the Holly King in the character of Santa Clause. The sprig of holly in his cap and his red clothes are a 
dead giveaway. The evergreen nature and red berries of holly are a symbol of enduring life. The red berries also are a symbol of the 
blood of the Goddess. In spells and rituals holly is used for attaining magickal goals, divination, spells for boosting male sexual 
prowess. Holly is cut in mid summer and is considered especially strong if found growing on the sacred oak. Both holly and ivy are 
considered symbols of eternal life. 
Mistletoe: Mistletoe is the golden bough of classic legend. It is Viscum album of Europe, with 
leaves in pairs like wings and white berries. Because of their color, these berries were associated with the semen of the gods and 
so the plant was given phallic associations. It was (and is) sacred to the Druids. Mostly cut in mid summer for the summer Solstice, 
it was also used for the Winter Solstice. A golden sickle did the deed, symbolizing for the Druids castration of the god.(The reason 
for castrating the god was not found during this research.) A white cloth was used to catch the mistletoe before it hit the ground. 
The tradition of kissing under the mistletoe is said to derive from the ancient idea that all legal matters were to be settled once 
and for all under a bough of mistletoe. Kissing under the mistletoe was also considered important for hand fasting. It was an 
announcement of future intentions, and was repeated after the ceremony. As mistletoe ages and whithers it turns a golden color. 
This may connect it to the golden bough legends. This plants was also thought to have the ability to find buried treasure because 
of an association with the underworld. In Norse legend mistletoe is a symbol of death and resurrection. The God Baldur was slain 
with spear made of mistletoe by the blind god Hodur. All things on earth and in heaven had sworn not to harm Baldur because of the 
petitioning of his mother. It is told that mistletoe had been forgotten by Odhinn in her petitions. All the gods were having fun 
throwing things at Baldur and watching the projectiles swerving to miss him. Loki grabbed a stick of mistletoe and helped the blind 
Hodur throw it at Baldur, killing him. Another version says mistletoe was forgotten because it roots in trees not in the ground, 
being between and not part of the earth or the heavens. Because of its many, strong, pagan associations mistletoe was banned from 
the churches. 
Candles: Candles and fire were used as sympathetic magick to lure the sun back. Candles were left burning on Christmas 
Eve to guide the Christ child through the darkness. They were lit by the oldest member or head of the house, who would also extinguish 
them in the morning. It was a bad omen if one was accidentally blown out, and unlucky to touch one after lighting. 
Christmas tree: This tradition comes straight from pagan worship of trees and the spirits they contain. Common stories tell of 
christmas trees being unknown in English speaking countries till the German Prince Albert brought the traditions with him when 
he married Queen Victoria in 1840. The German name used for these trees is tannenbaum, said to be related to tinne or glastin, 
the sacred trees of the ancient Celts. European priests, dendrophori, traveled to a sacred grove and selected a pine tree. 
They brought the tree back to the town, set it up and decorated it. One type of decoration was an effigy of the gods. 
This may be the origin of the gingerbread men hung on trees to this day. According to Christian legend, the German Protestant 
leader Martin Luther was walking in the woods. He came upon a tree with ice covered branches. The beauty of the sun shining 
through the branches inspired him. Luther brought the tree back and lit candles behind the tree to show others the beauty. 
Trees, Evergreens; Evergreens were considered a manifestation of diety and so, sacred. They remained green did not die each year. 
A representation of the goddess, the Druids decorated trees each Yule with images of wishes for next year. Fruits were used to 
symbolize harvest, nuts for fertility, candles, and love charms. In ancient Greece the fir tree was considered sacred to Artemis, 
the moon goddess who presided over childbirth. Being the symbol of renewed life and the return of crops and harvest, evergreen 
decorations were to be removed by the 12th night after the Solstice. If they were taken 
away too soon it would mean the loss of prosperity in the coming year, but had to be taken down by Candalmas. Depending on tradition, 
the greens were either left to whither or were burnt in ceremony. To burn while still green, however, would put household protection 
in jeopardy. 
Yule log: To the Celts, the Yule log was a phallic symbol. The log representing the god, three holes representing the 
goddess were drilled on top. Three candles, one red, one white, one black, symbolizing the impregnation of the goddess were placed 
in these holes. To symbolize the intertwining of goddess and god, holly and mistletoe were added. Different contries had different 
traditions, for example, the Slavs used one candle in orange or gold, colors of the god. 
Wassailing: Men and boys, followed by the women, would enter their orchards at dusk on the 12th night. With them they brought 
trays, pans, kettles and cider. One tree was chosen to represent the orchard. Everyone drank a toast to the chosen tree and 
poured cider on its roots. Toasted bread soaked in cider was left in a fork of it's branches. Sometimes a branch was pulled 
down and dipped in a kettle of cider. Some of the men may have bowed down as if carrying heavy sacks of fruit. Women and children 
danced and shouted. All this to ensure a plentiful crop the next year. 
Virgin birth; The original meaning of virgin has been almost lost. It has nothing to do with 
a breaking of the hymen of a woman. The word was first used to describe priestesses in Mediterranean temples in Roman Pagan times. 
It meant an independent woman not bound by local law. She had no husband and took as many lovers as she wanted.  In creation myth, 
the Virgin Goddess gives birth to her son on the Winter Solstice. The Virgin Mary, gives birth to her son, but being virgin in a very 
different way.  
Wreaths; Wreaths use the symbolism of the circle, no beginning and no end. The circle has been used as such a symbol 
for 4,000 years or more. Scandinavian peasants used wreaths as decoration for Yule, using pine cones and fruits. 
Other symbols: Symbols representing Yule include an eight-spoked wheel and bells from the Norse which were used to 
celebrate dawn after longest night and to frighten powers of darkness highest this night. Other symbols are bayberry, 
holly, mistletoe, Yule Trees or a small potted tree. Sun or God symbols, such as acorns, pine cones etc.    
LORE :  To insure growth and prosperity, burn a pair of bayberry candles. If you see the sun shining through the branches of an 
apple tree on Christmas day, next season's crop will be good.    
MAGICKAL ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE HOLIDAY :  
COLORS : Gold, White, Green, Red 
PLANTS : Mistletoe, Balsam, Fir, Pine cones and needles, Chamomile, Comfrey, Sunflower, Apple, and any dried summer herbs. 
STONES : Clear quartz, citrine It is a good time for goal setting magick, new ideas and projects	


                            ©Property of the Manor-House for Wiccan Studies




For more Yule information see :
"The Sabbats" by Edain McCoy, 1998. Llewellyn Publications, St.Paul, MN. U.S.A.
"The Winter Solstice" by John Matthews, 1998, Quest Books, Wheaton Ilinois, U.S.A.




7b.                                Manor-House Yule Ritual



You will not need to cast a circle unless you intend to do magickal work along with this ritual, 
but the circle shape will still be used. The ritual, as written, is for the celebration of the 
holiday. Celebrate the magick of nature and the turning of the Wheel.

PREPARATION
Supplies
3 White Candles for each of the directional points - 12 in all
4 Gold or Yellow Candles
Candle snuffer
Low Alter decorated for Yule*
Optional Items
Appropriate holiday music
Incense
Alter Cloth in a holiday color 




THE RITUAL
Start the music and light the incense.
Build a circle of light to represent the feminine by placing the white candles as follows:
Set 3 white candles at the North.
Set 3 white candles at the East.
Set 3 white candles at the South.
Set 3 white candles at the West.
You may place these candles on short pedestals or set them on the floor.


Build a second circle of light, representing the masculine, the God in the Womb, using the gold 
or yellow candles inside the first circle. If you are using short pedestals for the Goddess 
candles, place the God Candles on the floor in front of them. If not, place the gold or yellow 
candles on the floor directly in front of the Goddess candles.
Place 1 candle at the north
Place 1 candle at the East
Place 1 candle at the South
Place 1 candle at the West


Light the first set of 3 white candles at the North saying
As I light this candle
the cold wind blows.
As I light this candle
the cold sky snows.
As I light this candle
the cold wind blows.
Repeat for the remaining sets of 3 candles, East South and West.
Light the one gold or yellow candle at the North saying:
As I light this candle
the warmth will grow.
Repeat for the 3 other gold or yellow candles at the East, South and West.


Move to the front of the alter and sit down in front of it and recite: 
It is the time of winter here.
Fires blaze, winter gear.
The promise of spring as the days get longer.
Promise of warmth as the sun gets stronger.
Birds take seed from the feeder in the yard.
Squirrels snatch grain while wary jays on guard.
Storms of white make colors fade to grey.
All Colors muted to the softness of clay.
When the skies clear, colors reappear once more.
As the Wheel turns we again recite the lore.
Goddess gives birth to the God of the Sun.
Promise light and warmth on this day begun.
Winter Solstice is here.
Full of promise and of cheer.
Sometimes dark sometimes bright.
Shortest day, longest night.
As I celebrate the Solstice
the cold sky snows.
As I celebrate the Solstice
the cold wind blows.
I celebrate the warmth and light.
Shortest day and longest and night
As the Wheel revolves its way
Blessed Be, all today.



Now is the time of meditation and introspection of the old year. Take as long as you need.



Snuff out the gold or yellow candles in reverse: West, South, East, North.
At each recite:
Winter Solstice is here.
Full of promise and of cheer.


Snuff out the 4 sets of white candles and recite:
As I celebrate the Solstice
the cold sky snows.
As I celebrate the Solstice
the cold wind blows.
I celebrate the warmth and light.
Shortest day and longest and night


When finished, return to the alter and say:
As the Wheel revolves its way
Blessed Be, all today.



* MAGICKAL ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE HOLIDAY :
COLORS :
Gold, White, Green, Red
PLANTS :
Mistletoe, Balsam, Fir, Pine boughs and cones, Chamomile, Comfrey, Sunflower, Apple, and any 
dried summer herbs, Bay, Frankincense, Myrrh, Ivy, Holly, Juniper, Oak, Valarian, Ginger.
Miscellaneous
Cinnamon sticks, Popcorn or Cranberries for garlands, Decorated sachets of fragrant spices. 
Apples, Oranges, Lemons, Nuts of all kinds
STONES :
Clear quartz, Citrine, Green tourmaline, Garnet, Bloodstones, Rubies


                   Copyright 2000© GreyWing and The Manor-House For Wiccan Studies.




8.                                    Why the name "Sabbat"

Commonly thought of as a "Sabbath" by people who are not familiar with Wicca or Witchcraft,
Sabbat does not end in an "h". It is said that the European sabbat was fabricated mostly by judges 
of the Inquisition during 14th and 15th centuries. Claims of celebrations with the devil were an 
attempt to stay alive. Witches were said to hold 4 "great sabbats" that where said to be derived 
from church festivals, but is was actually the other way around. The church copied the pagan festivals 
of Candlemas, May Eve, Lammas, and Halloween.

There is much controversy over the origin to the word Sabbat. Some think the word had a meaning
similar to Sunday, the Christian day of rest. The Jewish Sabbath is on Saturday, the seventh day, 
and is holy. It is a day of rest. The word Sabbath is said to be from Shabbathai, the planet Saturn, 
ruler of the seventh day, a day for rest.

The word Sabbat is considered older than Christianity and Judaism, therefore it is said there is no
connection to the Jewish Sabbath. 

Sabbat may be derived from Moorish zabat meaning an occasion of power, or from the Greek
sabatu meaning to rest.

The word Sabbat may also be derived from a alternative name of the god Dionysus. Dionysus was
also called Sabadius or Sabazius. He was worshipped with wild dancing and general all-round
raucousness. 

It seems each language has an old name for sabbat. These names include, the French Lanne de
Bouc and Spanish Prado del Cabron, both meaning the field of the goat. A reference to the horned
god?

There is still much confusion on the origin of the word Sabbat.

Other Interesting Bits of Information:

An old chant used by the Witches of Gurnsey goes "Har, har, Hou, hou, danse ici, danse la, jouce ici,
jou la, Sabbat, Sabbat!" "Har, har, Hou, hou, dance here, dance there, play here, play there, Sabbat,
Sabbat!"

This chant was changed by French demonologish Bodin. He substituted 'diable' for the word 'Hou' in
an attempt to prove witches worship the devil. Hou is the name of the celtic god Hu Gadarn or Hu
the Mighty. This was pointed out by Margaret Murrey in her 1952 book" The God of the Witches."

Many old accounts state that there was no salt at the sabbat feasts. Christians of the time claim that
salt was a symbol of salvation and witches hated it. According to Doreen Valiente it was the salt
cellar, or container that was missing, not the salt itself. This object was was a mark of social
distinctions. There were no distictions of class at a sabbat. "One of the customs of great houses, in
former times, was to place a large ornamental salt-vat upon the table, about the centre, to mark the
part below which it was proper for tenants and dependents to sit."*

Modern Sabbats

If the celebration is to be out side there will be a fire, and in an area near running water, but it is not
necessary. The Elements of Air and Earth are already there. Celebrations include dancing, chanting,
making of music, food, drink, magickal workings or just for enjoyment of the holiday. Indoor
modifications include a smaller fire and the other Elements represented on an altar.

                         *Quote from Doreen Valiente's book An ABC of Witchcraft

                           Text Property of the Manor-House for Wiccan Studies



                    
9.                                Dictionary of Magickal Terms

This page section is for the newer followers of the Craft. GreyWing hopes it 
will help you on the path you have chosen. This list is not all that you may 
come across. Other words are scattered through the pages of this site as needed, 
and are not duplicated here.

Akashic Records : 
This concept was proposed by Edgar Cayce. He believed there is a giant data 
base that can be accessed by the mind. The mind accesses the data through 
Universal connections. This data base holds information on past lives, healing, 
amoung other things
Amulet :
An object of protection that has been ritualy charged. These items deflect 
negative energies, including thoughts. These can be anything you feel 
appropriate : feathers, shells, beads, stones, etc.
Astral :
Another dimension of reality. Also known as dreamtime. This name is from the 
Austalian Aboriginal people.
Astral Travel/Projection :
The Process of separation from your physical body. You can travel in the 
astral plane, also known as dreamtime.
Bane :
Bad, evil or destructive
Bind : 
To use magick to restrain someone or something
Blood of the Moon :
A woman's menstrual cycle. This is a very powerful time for us. If you 
acknowledge the strength within yourself, you are more powerful at this time 
than any other.
Call : 
Invoking the Divine forces, such as "to call the quarters"
Chakras :
Seven major energy sites on the human body. Each is associated with a color 
Crown - white, Forehead (third eye) - purple, Throat - blue, 
Chest - pink or green, Navel - yellow, Abdomen - orange, Groin- red
Cone of Power :
Energy that has been raised and focused for a specific purpose. This action 
may be solitary or in a coven.
Deosil :
Movement Clockwise. 
Drawing Down the Moon : 
This ritual is done during a Full Moon. It is used to empower the witch 
performing the ritual and unite their wssence with the Goddess.
Green Man :
Another name for the God. Since his kingdom is the woods, it is quite 
appropriate
Handfasting :
A Pagan or Wiccan marriage ceremony
Pantheon :
A collection or group of Gods and Goddesses in a particular mythic or 
religious structure. Example, the Greek pantheon
Scrying : 
A method of divination, using tools such as a bowl of inked water, a mirror, 
crystal ball etc.
Sigil :
A seal , sign, glyph, or other devices , drawn or stamped, used in magick. 
Use them anywhere, on anything you desire.
Spiral :
The symbol of "coming into being."
Vision Questing :
The use of astral projection, bi-location, or dreamtime to accomplish 
something. Also known as pathworking.
Widdershins : 
Movement counterclockwise


10.                       Grounding

In preparation for visualization, one should ground first.
To ground is to establish a connection to the energy of the earth.
Grounding helps to prevent the body from becoming overly stressed. It helps
to keep your energy system safe when you are doing spiritual work or magick.
It can rid the body of excess energy at the end of a spell or ritual, and prevents
you from feeling agitated or over tired after a magickal working.
Grounding may be done before or after a ritual, or both.


                        Simple Grounding

A simple way to ground is just to sit with your palms on the earth. Feel the
energy flow from the earth into your body from your palms. The energy flows
up your arms, into your body. Feel the energy circulate through your body and
back to the earth through your palms. Visualize the energy moving into the
earth. Feel all the excess energy you may be carrying flow into the earth.
If you are in a home, sit on the floor and feel the energy go down past the
foundations of the house and enter the earth.
The eating of fruits and vegetables after grounding should help also, and can
never hurt.
One of the best methods to achieve grounding is the Tree of Life Exercise below.

                          The Tree of Life

Sit or stand with your body extended and erect. Breathe deep and with a
rhythm. Feel your spine straighten.
Imagine your spine is the trunk of a tree. Feel tall and strong.
Feel your feet change to roots, strong, healthy and deep.
Branches from the top of your tree sweep down, as a weeping willow might, to
touch the ground below.
You will feel the energy of the earth pulsing around your roots. Pull that energy
toward you. Feel the power moving into you. Each breath you take draws the
power further up, into your spine, the trunk of your tree.
The power of the earth rises up to the crown. Feel the energy as it moves from
the crown of the tree down the branches, to return to the earth.
Take a deep breath. Feel the energy travel back to the ground. Now relax.



11.                              Visualization

Visualization is the ability to see clearly something in your mind, to be able to
touch, taste and hear with the inner senses of your mind.
Our eyes do not actually "see." Nerve impulses are brought on by light stimului
and are sent to the brain. It is the brain that translates these impulses to images.
Visualization is very imortant if you wish to be successful in working with spells
and ritual. It is the most powerful tool humans have. Imagination is what moves
us forward as a species.
You will need to work in the positive, as if your wish has already manifested.
You may wish to find meditation and visualization tapes to help you along.
Visualization takes practice, and more practice. You will be creating an image of
what you want. You will see it. But do not force it. Everyone progresses at a
different rate.
Try to do one of these excercises once a day. Do not get discouraged and keep
trying.
Some find visualization easier than others. All improve with practice.

a.                           Exercises

Close eyes and calm mind, put aside any everyday thoughts. 

                          Simple Color and Shapes
Imagine looking at a blank wall. It is white. When you can see the white wall,
change it to red. When you see the red change the color again. See yellow, blue,
orange, green, violet, then black.
When you are successful, move to the next step.
Visualize a simple shape on the white wall. See a red Circle, a line, or a triangle.
Change the color of the shape to yellow, blue, orange, green, violet then black.
When you are successful with these, move to the next step.
Change the color of white wall to red. See the shape in white, yellow, blue,
orange, green violet then black.
When you are sucessfull Move on.
Change the color of the wall again and the color of the shape. Repeat the
change of colors until you are successfull with all combination of colors and
shapes.
Time to move on to something more difficult.

                            Simple Object Excercise

Find fairly simple object, a pen for example. Hold the pen and look at it. Look
and see it, the size, color and texture of the surface. Study every centemeter of
it. Put it down.
Now close your eyes and see the pen. Remember the color, what it feels like in
your hand. See any marking that is on the pen. When you can see the pen
clearly it is time to move on.
Visualize a white piece of paper. Holding the pen, write a simple message with
it. 

                  Advanced Visualization of Surroundings

For this excercise remember you must visualize as if you are seeing through
your eyes, not watching yourself as if an actor in a play.
Start in a room very familiar to you. Face an object in the room and close your
eyes. Imagine you open your eyes and see the object. Look around the room
See everything. See the colors of the objects in their correct position in the
room. See the windows and doors. Do this excercise once a day until you are
able to see the room clearly.
Time to move on.
Imagine that you leave the room. See what is past the door. Enter the next
room. See everything in their correct position and color. Do this excersice once
a day until you are able to see this room clearly.
Time to move on.
Do this for each room in your home ending with a room with a door to the outside.
Time to move on.
Walk out the door. See the neiboring houses if you have them. See the trees,
walkways, etc. See what the weather is like. A car may pass you by, what color
was it? When you can walk down the street and see these things and are
comfortable. Then add a person to your visualization.
Continue this excersise until you can walk through your home and down the
street and see it all quite clearly.
Remember, people progress at different speeds, do not get discouraged.


12.                      Find Your Craft Name

To leave the old personality behind and to show the world your new self, you 
may want to choose a craft name. This name should reflect your personal values. 
There are several ways to find a Craft Name. Visualization is the way GreyWing 
found hers. Use the image of the Goddess in her Maiden form. She is Spring, 
sometimes known as the Huntress, a fresh beginning, a continuation of life, 
rebirth. Although she is young we may call on her at all stages of our life. 
You may either cast a circle using a pastel colored candle to represent
the Maiden or do this meditation anywhere.
Sit in a comfortable position and your feet touch the floor. Place your hands 
in your lap and close your eyes. Visualize a white light coming toward you. 
The light positions itself over your head.
See the light get stronger. The light slowly envelopes your head and shoulders. 
The light gets brighter and moves lower. It gets even brighter and covers you 
completely. Breathe slow and steady. Relax your body starting with the muscles 
of your face. Release the tension in your neck, shoulders, arms and hands. 
Feel the muscles of your abdomen, buttocks and legs relax. When you
are totally relaxed, move on to the visualization. It is near midnight. A 
full moon is in the sky tonight. See yourself walking along a path in the woods. 
All around you a trees. Hear the trees whisper as a light breezes flows through 
their top branches. The path is clear and well marked,as if followed for many 
years.The light from the moon is so bright it penetrates the leaves of the all
the trees around you. In the distance you see what must be a clearing, where 
the light from the moon shines bright. You continue walking till you reach 
the edge of the clearing. In the middle of the clearing you see a well. You 
walk toward the well, then stand beside it once you reach it. It is an ancient 
well, the stones worn and covered in the most beautiful green moss. You look 
into the well and see how deep it is. You feel all of the days' problems and 
all your worries and negative emotions fall into the darkness of the well. 
You feel relaxed. You hear a chattering at you feet.You see a small bird at 
the base of the well. It is jumping and chattering excitedly. It heads toward 
the opposite side of the clearing. There you see a hill.. You follow the bird 
to the hill . There is a handsome vine that grows from the top of the hill 
and hangs down covering what looks like part of a door. You can see part of 
an iron handle. You push the vines away. This reveals an old oaken door. It 
is tall with a rounded top. The hinges are made of iron, old and rusty, but 
were once very ornate. You pull on the handle of the door. A little dirt from 
the top of the door drifts down in front of you and the door slowly opens. 
Inside it is very dark. You step inside and wait for your eyes to adjust. 
With the help of two torches that hang in iron holders on each side of the 
door, you see a wide tunnel made of stone. It has a curved roof. You take one 
of the torches and start down the tunnel. You hear a creaking behind you. 
You turn and see the door closing. You turn back to the tunnel and walk on. 
The light of the torch is bright and lights your way. You do not feel frightened. 
Further in the tunnel you think of the Maiden, the Huntress, her strength.
You know if something should happen she will be with you. The tunnel curves 
one way, then another. There are smaller tunnels that branch off. You know
your path is to follow this main tunnel. You hear the barking of dogs deeper 
in the tunnel. You know you are protected by the Maiden and are not afraid. 
You see reflections and glimmers oflight ahead. Voices, footsteps and laughter 
follow the light. You walk forward to meet whoever is,there. The barking and 
laughter are louder. You see the light from torches being held by others, 
but can't make out who they are. When you are close enough, you see a group 
of men and women dressed in white robes. All are carrying torches. The leader 
is a woman, tall and muscular. She wears a short white robe and has a bow and 
quiver over her shoulders. Her hair is tied back. She wears hunting boots. 
An owl perches on her right wrist. The hounds are barking and jumping around 
you. The Maiden stops in front of you. She asks you to follow her. All but 
one of the group turn back in the direction they came. This companion links 
arms with you and coaxes you on. You all follow the Maiden. The tunnel widens. 
You find the tunnel has widened so much it is now a circular room. In the 
center of this room is a fountain. The water from the fountain bubbles up 
then flows down into a shallow depression in the floor. The curving of the 
wall is followed by benches that surround you. You and the rest of the group 
set your torches into holders on the wall. You see the circular wall is covered 
with bright murals and elaborate carvings. You walk slowly around the chamber. 
The scenes on the murals touch something deep in you. The pictures of the 
forest, the animals, ritual scenes, dancing and music making, all seem to have 
stirred a feeling of magick and mystery. One of the companions points to the 
fountain. The Maiden stands beside the depression filled with water. You walk 
to toward her. She smiles gently and asks you if you have any questions. You
tell her that you want to find a craft name. You have been searching, but have 
had no luck. She points to the spring and asks if you are ready for initiation. 
You remove the clothes you are wearing and step into the water. The Maiden 
picks up a white ceramic pitcher and dips it into the water. She slowly pours 
water over you, filling the pitcher several times. The Maiden and her
companions sing and chant as the water runs down your body. She blesses you 
and kisses you on the forehead. You feel your third eye pulsate and become 
active. You dress. The Maiden tells you the answer you seek may come to you 
in a dream or in other forms. The Maiden and her companions lead you back up 
the tunnel. The journey back is shorter. As you get nearer the door, the group 
stops and wishes you farewell. They turn back toward the central
chamber. You replace the torch in its holder and push the door open. The Moon 
welcomes you back to the clearing. Take three slow deep breaths and return to 
your present surrounding. Stay quiet for a few minutes and absorb the experience.
Be aware for messages and answers. They may come from unlikely places and 
people, or in dreams.
Adaptation of a Meditation by D.J.Conway in her Book "Maiden, Mother, Crone." 


13.Meditation-A Beginning


14.                                  Creating Sacred Space



Sacred Space. The Earth is sacred space, the Air, the Water. There is sacred space all around
you. This writing deals with a place of privacy to study and/or perform magickal work in or around
your home. Sacred Space. It is a place of focus and learning, celebration and magick. A place
where the spirit can soar, to be open to all.
This space may have a portable altar, a permanent working altar, or be used as a place of study,
depending on its size and your requirements.

                                       On Finding Space

If you do not live alone and the other or others are not Wiccan, discuss with them your need for
privacy.
The place you choose may be permanent if you are fortunate enough to have an unused room or
corner of a room. If not, temporary space will do.
Those who have an extra room for your sacred space are fortunate indeed. You may decorate it
any way you wish. You may want to match the decorations to the change of seasons. Have a
cabinet or closet for any supplies and decorations you may have. You may need extra shelving for
tools, props, etc. Add a desk well-stocked with paper, pens, notebooks and journals. Put in a
couple of bookcases and have fun filling them. A large over-stuffed chair to read in would be
wonderful. Everything needed should be kept close at hand. This is your place for learning and
work, make it yours.
If your space is limited there are alternatives. A corner of a room may be used. If you feel the need
to hide the space when not in use, a room divider works nicely. Set up a small table with a cloth,
and basic altar supplies if you wish. If you are "out of the Closet" you may find yourself spreading
further into the room, adding bookshelves, a comfortable seat and a lamp. 
Night stands, the top of a dresser, a shelf, all may be used if space is tight. If space is really at a
premium, even a windowsill will do. 
Decide what kind of lighting you will use. Will it be electric, hurricane lamps, or candles? Or a
combination?
Do not forget window shades for privacy.
When you wish to use your space, you will need uninterrupted time. Unplug the phone. If there are
no family members working with you, be sure they understand your need for time of your own.


                                         Outdoor Space

For outdoor space, be sure to have fencing, trees or shrubs to obscure the neighbors view of your
yard. Stone benches may be used for seating and altar space. Sacred space with an herb or rock
garden with statuary would be quite wonderful. Design your own "Witches Garden". Study plants
in your area. As you learn about them, add them to your garden.
Choose your space wisely and with care, and you will be rewarded with something special. It will
be a place for uninterrupted learning, celebration and joy for you.



                              Clearing and Dedicating Your Space

If the area is a large one, sweep it with a ritual broom.
You may prefer to smudge with sage or sprinkle with water containing a cleansing or protective
herb, or water energized by the full moon.
As you sweep or smudge, recite the following. It is in simple rhyme for easy memorizing. 



                                      Energy of a Negative kind
                                 Cleansed from this Space I have defined.

                                  I cleanse this space of things that were
                                  Space now to be where mind will stir. 

                                      I dedicate to Light and Air.
                                     Sacred space I here declare. 

                                     Dark and Shadows also here
                                     Space Dedicated with no fear.

                                      In this space I am to learn.
                                     Candles, incense I will burn.

                                      Natural energy will abound
                                   With or without circle cast around.

                                     Light and Shadows I will find
                                   in this space my thoughts enshrined.

                                   A place to think with mind unbound
                                   In sacred space that is new found.

                                  I cleanse this space of things that were
                                  Space now to be where mind will stir.



15.                         Tools of the Craft

The Atheme
The Bell
The Boline
The Broom
The Censer
The Cauldron
The Cup
The Penticle
The Wand
Additional Items Including: Candles, Robes

Most religions use tools in their practices. Wicca is no different. Through 
our touch and intention, energy may directed through these tools to invoke 
the Dieties or accomplish our goals.Tools are not absolutley necessary. The 
tools themselves have no power. The power comes from within you.You need to 
change your mind set when doing ritual and magickal work. These tools help 
to do that. You may buy tools at an occult shop, but it is more fun to search 
antique shops, flea markets, and junk shops. It may take time, but you will 
eventually find what you need. Or you may make most of your tools.

                             The Athame

The athame is a magick knife. It is not used for cutting, but to direct 
energy raised during rites and spells. It is usually a dull, double-edged 
knife with a black or dark colored handle. Black absorbs power.Athames are 
sometimes engraved with magickal symbols, but this is up to you. The knife 
absorbs power from you and the area around you.A sword is sometimes used, 
as it has all the qualities of a knife. Because of its size, it is cumbersome 
to use indoors. Stories about magickal swords are common in mythic literature.
The sybolism of the knife is change. It is linked with the Element of Fire. 
Its straight phallic shape links it with the God.

                               The Bell

Vibrations are released when a bell is rung. The effects differ, depending on 
the tone, volume, and material of the bell. Any type of bell may be used.
A bell may be rung to signal the begining and ending of a ritual. It also may 
ward off negativity or evoke good energies. It is protector if hung on a door.
The bell is a feminine symbol. It is often used to invoke the Goddess in ritual.

                               The Boline

The boline is a white-handled knife. It is an actual cutting knife. It is 
used to cut herbs, wands, to inscribe symbols on other magickal items, or 
cutting cords. It is not used just in circle.

                             The Broom (Besom)

History and Lore:
Brooms have long been associated with witches because they were used in pagan 
rituals of marriage and birth.In Rome the broom was a symbol of Hecate's 
priestess, who swept the threshold of a house after each birth to remove evil 
spirits that might harm the child. The broom also used in weddings, signifing 
sexual union. Wedding customs included jumping over a broom. Medieval peasant 
weddings were churchless and came under the area of common law. The broom was 
so closely identified with nonecclesiastical marriages that by the time of 
the Renaissance, when the church began to take over wedding rites, marriages 
"by the broom" were considered illegitimate. Children ride a broomstick with 
a toy horse head at one end. This is copied from Sufi mystics who entered 
Spain in the early Middle Ages. They organized themselves into groups of 13, 
like covens. The Sufi sages rode horse-headed canes called zamalzain, 
"gala limping horse". The dervish's stick horse stood for the Pegasus-like 
fairy steed that carried him to heaven and back. Customs like this
became prevalent amoung the Basques, and they were frequently accused of 
witchcraft. The stick is traditionally made of ash for protection. It 
represents the male. The brush is traditionally made from birch twigs for 
exorcism, purification, and also protection. It represents the female principle. 
A branch of willow is used to bind the stick and the brush together. The
willow represents protection, healing, and love. Because of the sexual symbolism 
involved, the word "besom" was used as slang to describe a "loose" woman.

                             Flying

The legend of flying has its roots in the fact that witches used an ointment 
that contained aconite. This drug is readily absorbed through the skin and 
mucus membranes. It produces sensations of giddiness, confusion, lethargy and 
tingling sensations followed by numbness, and possibly the illusion of flying. 
Oldham wrote: So witches some enchanted wand bestride,And think they through 
the airy regions ride. The broom is used in ritual and magick. This tool is 
sacred to both the Goddess and God.
Pre-Columbian Mexico worshiped a goddess who rode naked on a broom, so this 
idea is not new. The broom became a powerful tool against curses. Even today 
many people hang a broom on the front door of their home, but most do not 
know the symbolism of it. The area to be used for ritual is swept clean with 
the broom. The sweeping is more than a physical sweep of the area. Visualize
the broom sweeping out all the negativity in the area. This clears the
way for more effective magick. The broom is a purifier that is linked to
the Element of Water, which is also a purifier. It is used in all types of 
water spell.

                           The Censer

The censer holds the incense burned during ritual. It may be one made of fancy 
metal, or a beautiful shell from the sea. The censer represents the Element 
of Air. 

                          The Cauldron

The word "cauldron" is from the Latin cauldus meaning hot and Sanskrit cra 
to boil. The word "caudle" also comes from the same Sanskrit root. It is a 
spiced gruel used for healing. This was given to people who were confined and 
to those who came to see a new baby at home. The cauldron is an ancient vessel 
of cooking, full of magical tradition and mystery. It is often the focal 
point of rituals. During spring rites it may be filled with flowers. During 
winter you may have a small fire in it to represent the returning heat and 
light of the sun (the God) from the cauldron (the Goddess). The cauldron may 
be used for scrying (gazing) by filling it with water. The cauldron should be 
of iron with three legs. The opening should be smaller than the widest part. 
The shape of the cauldron represent mother nature, and the three legs the 
triple face of the moon goddess. They come in many sizes. This is usually the 
hardest tool to find. The cauldron is a symbol of the Goddess, the essence of 
feminity and fertility. It is a symbol of the Element of Water, reincarnation, 
immortality and inspiration.

                            The Cup

The cup may be make of silver, brass, pottery, stone, or anything.It is also 
a symbol of the Goddess and fertility. It is used to hold water, or any 
beverage to be drunk for ritual.

                          The Penticle

The pentacle is a flat piece of brass, gold, silver, wax, clay, wood, or other 
material. It is usually inscribed with the pentagram. Objects that are to be 
ritually consecrated are placed upon the penticle. The penticle represents 
the element of Earth.

                            The Wand

The word "wand" is derived from the Gothic word windan, meaning "wind" or 
"bind". The wand is used to bind the energy of the spell together.
The wand has been used for thousands of years in religious and magickal rites. 
The Goddess and God are invoked with the wand. The wand is also used to 
direct energy, to draw magical symbols during ritual. Wands may also be used 
to stir a magickal brew in your cauldron. The wand represents the Element of 
Air and evokes the energy of the spell. The energy is sent in the direction 
the wand is pointing.

                         Making a Wand

You may construct your wand using metal or wood.MetalGo to your local hardware 
or home improvement store. Find a length of metal tubing with a diameter that 
is comfortable for your hand. Attach a crystal at one end using leather to 
wrap the crystal and secure it to the metal. At the other end use fabric, 
leather or other material for a grip.Engrave the wand with runes or symbols 
of your choice using an etching tool. Decorate your wand with what you feel 
is appropriate. You may use things like stones, feathers, shells, beads, or 
anything you feel belongs there.

                        Additional Items

Robes
Incense
AlterCandles and Candle Holders
Goddess and God Images


                            Candles
Since the earliest times candles have been used in religious ceremonies. 
They represent the power of light out of the darkness. It is knowledge and 
spiritual illumination. Ancient people used fire to symbolize the life force 
within each of us. Wiccans use candles to represent the Elemements in
ritual. They are also used to focus the thought during meditation and create 
a special atmosphere. Some Wiccans carve special patterns or runic symbols 
on their candles, although this is not necessary. Use fresh candles that are 
not cracked for each spell. Let the candles burn down. Do not leave the 
candles unattended. Place the candles that are burning in a safe place, away 
from drafts, or where they will not fall. Candles may be lit with matches or 
a lighter, though some Wiccas will object to this. Some object to the sulfur 
on the matches, some to the petroleum product in the lighter. Try to use hand 
dipped candles as they burn slower than factory candles. Beeswax is best as 
it comes straight from nature. Because of this, they are considered more 
powerful.  Try to keep at least two candles of each color. Keep more of the 
white and black. White may be subsituted for other colors, and black may be 
hard to find.

                             Robes

Some Witches like to wear ceremonial robes for their rituals. They feel it 
adds an intensity that might not be there otherwise. It helps change your 
mind set from the days normal happenings to the special time of ritual. Others 
believe that clothes hinder the energy that is built during ritual and 
perform in circle "skyclad" (nude). If you prefer being clothed, represent 
the earth elements and chose a natural fiber cloth. Most Wiccans go barefoot
or wear leather sandals.


16.                     Altars and Altar Setup

                             Altars
Your altar does not have to be elaborate. It can be a small table, a mantlepiece, 
windowsill, a shelf in a bookcase, or what ever else is handy in the house. 
It can be round, to represent the Goddess, square, symbolic of the elements, 
rectangular or oval. It may be a small area of ground in a field or wood. 
You may decorate it with crystals, talismans, herbs, flowers, or my favorite,
feathers.Anything that has special meaning to you. It is a reflection of the 
person who puts it together. It is considered best to place the altar facing 
north. This direction symbolizes the the power flow from darkness to light. 
It is associated with the Earth. Some face the south with their altars to
honor the sun as it rises. The altar is usually stands in the center of the 
circle. We do not believe the Goddess or God actually "inhabit" the altar. 
It is a place of power. We are not "idol worshipers". These are manifestations 
of the creative forces found in nature everywhere. It may be set up permanently 
or dismantled after use.

                          Altar Setup
The Goddess is associated with the left side of the altar. The Goddess may 
be represent by a white, silver, or green candle. A sculpture or some sort 
of figure may be used. Tools that are associated with the Goddess are the 
Cup, Pentacle, Bell, crystals and Cauldron. If the Cauldron is large, it is 
usually placed on the floor to the left. The God is associated with the right 
side. A scupture or a figure of some sort may be used to represent the God. 
A red, yellow or gold candle is appropriate. Tools associated with the God
are, the Censer, Wand, Athame, and Boline. The Censer and Cauldron are sometimes 
set in the middle for offerings to both Goddess and God. The Pentacle is 
sometimes set in front of the censer.It marks the Directions and/or Elements.
Many Wiccans mark North, South, East and West with candles on the altar, 
space permitting. Unless you have a very large altar, you will need a stand 
for the Book of Shadows, or place it on the floor where you will not step on it.
As you can see, it is up to you to find what is pleasing.
Altar cloths are sometimes used. The color changes for the holidays or ritual.

                          Simple Setup
This setup is for a simple ritual involving few tools. It is a good starting 
layout for beginners. This way, if you have not gathered all your tools
together, you have an idea of what you can do. It has just the very basics.


17.Other Supplies


18.                Color Correspondences for Candle
                             Magick
                 According to Silver RavenWolf 

Light, like all things, vibrate. Every color vibrates at a different speed. 
The different vibrations of various colors can be used by our brains in the 
rituals we perform for healing, meditations, magick, or any thing we wish. 
This is called practical magick because we are using an Element, this time 
Light. Each color represents a principle or value
Red - Energy, Strength, Passion, Courage, Element of Fire, Career Goals, 
Fast Action, Lust, Blood of the Moon, Vibrancy, Driving Force, Love, 
Survival Orange - Business Goals, Property Deals, Ambition, Career Goals, 
General Success, Justice, Legal Matters, Selling, Action
Copper - Passion, Money Goals, Professional Growth, Fertility in Business, 
Career Maneuvers
Gold - Wealth , The God, Promote Winning, Safety and Power of the Male, 
Happiness, Playful Humor
Yellow - The Sun, Intelligence, Accelerated Learning, Memory, Logical Imagination, 
Breaking Mental Blocks, Selling Yourself
Pink - Romantic Love, Planetary Good Will, Healing of Emotions, Peace, 
Affection, Romance, Partnerships of Emotional Maturity, Caring, Nurturing
Green - Earth Mother, Physical Healing, Monetary Success, Abundance, 
Fertility, Tree and Plant Magick, Growth, Element of Earth, Personal Goals
Blue - Good Fortune, Opening Blocked Communication, Wisdom, Protection, 
Spiritual Inspiration, Calm, Reassurance, Gently Moving, Element of Water, Creativity
Purple - Influencing People in High Places, Third Eye, Psychic Ability,
Spiritual Power, Self Assurance, Hidden Knowledge
Silver - Telepathy, Clairvoyance, Clairaudience, Psychometry, Intuition, 
Dreams, Astral Energies, Female Power, Communication, The Goddess
Brown - Influence Friendships, Special Favors
Black - Protection Repelling Negativity, Binding, Shapeshifting
White - Spirituality, The Goddess, Peace, Higher Self, Purity, Virginity 
(which means that the woman's mind is her own, and not controlled by a man) 
white may also be substituted for any other color


19.                      Dressing a Candle for Ritual

1. Chose type and color of candle appropriate for ritual 
2. Cleanse the candle prior energies: you may use water, salt, pure soap, or 
baby oil (all previously blessed and consecrated)
3. Bless and consecrate oil to be used, appropriate to ritual
4. State and engrave (if you wish) what the candle is to represent
5. Anoint the candle with oil and focus on desire (purpose of ritual)
a. For ritual of achievement: anoint oil from the top of the candle to the 
middle in a downward motion, then from the bottom of the candle to the middle 
in an upward motion
b. For ritual of banishment: anoint oil from the middle of the candle to the 
top in an upward motion, then middle to bottom of the candle in a downward 
motion
6. Bless and consecrate the candle
7. Meditate on desired outcome
Some do not use matches to light candles, the sulfer is considered unclean. 
If you feel this, use an incense starter or stick to light your candles. 
To extinguish a candle, snuff it out or wave your hand over it hard enough 
to make a breeze to put it out.Do not blow or pinch it out. Blowing a candle
out blows desires away, and pinching a flame pinches out desires.


20.                           Candle Magic Basics


Candle magick uses the techniques of meditation and visualization. These are 
combined with the use of sympathetic magick.
Sympathetic magick is a way of using symbols to make a model of what you want 
to manifest. In this form of magick the candles are representative of what 
you are trying to achieve, such as protection, money and love.

                                 In Preparation

                             Timing Rituals and Spells

In your search for knowledge you will come across tables of magickal 
correspondences for the Days of The Week, Time of the Month, Months of the 
Year. These are for optimum conditions for spellwork, but it is not necessary 
to follow these to the letter. GreyWing herself has some of these tables on 
her site, but finds it unnecessary to follow things to the absolute degree 
of doing a specific spell at 2 o'clock in the morning, when she has to be at 
work at 7:30 am. Working magick is a state of mind, not a time of day or 
month, or year. Candle colors may be changed according to your feelings of 
what is right for you. If your budget is tight and you only have a
white candle at the moment, use it. The magic is in your hands, and only you 
know what is inside you.
Decide where your candle magick will be performed. Stay away from the fabrics 
of draperies and curtains.
Some rituals and spells are written in such a way that the candles are required 
to stay lit until they burn themselves out. This is a fire hazard and should 
not be done. Rewrite the spell or ritual so it may be performed over several 
days if this is necessary.
Many spells require that a candle may not be moved once the spell is started. 
Greywing has found this to be untrue. Just rewrite the spell to your requirements.

                            Choose an Altar and setup

Prepare yourself with a ritual bath or perform some other type of purification.
If you use an alter cloth, use candle holders that will protect it.
The bell shaped sleeves on some robes are awkward around candles. Use caution.
Dress the candles for ritual or spell use. This may be done before the spell 
to be performed or during a previous ritual.

                           Types of Candles used in Rituals

                                    Altar Candles

These are two white candles that are placed at the two far corners of the 
altar. These candles are always lit before any others.
If your altar is small and space is at a premium, these candles may be omitted.

                                 Goddess and God Candles

A white, silver or green candle may be chosen to represent the Goddess. 
Chose a red, yellow or gold candle to represent the God.

                                 Offeratory Candles

These are the working candles. Their color depends on the spell to be performed.

                                  Astral Candles

This candle represents the petitioner (the person working the spell). The 
color to be chosen depends on the petitioners birthday, as below.

ZODIAC SIGN      BIRTH DATE          PRIMARY COLOR    SECONDARY COLOR
AQUARIUS   January 20-February 18       Blue              Green
PISCES      February 19-March 20       White              Green
ARIES       March 21-April 19          White              Pink
TAURUS       April 20- May 20           Red              Yellow
GEMINI       May 21- June 21            Red               Blue
CANCER       June 22-July 22           Green              Brown
LEO         July 23-August 22           Red               Green
VIRGO     August 23-September 22       Gold               Black
LIBRA    September 23 -October 22      Black              Blue
SCORPIO   October 23-November 21       Brown              Black
SAGITTARIUS November 22-December21     Gold                Red
CAPRICORN  December 22-January 19       Red               Brown


                                   Day Candles

These candles represent, and are dependent on, the day of the working. 
These candles may be omitted.
Sunday - Yellow
Monday - White
Tuesday - Red
Wednesday - Purple
Thursday - Blue
Friday - Green
Saturday - Black



21.                        The Principles of the Elements

Every Element has two "polarities" or two ways it may act. Active or positive 
mode, and negative or passive mode.

                     The Principle of Fire
Heat and expansion are the basic qualities associated with the Element of 
Fire. In its active mode it is constructive and creative. In its passive 
mode it is destructive. South is the direction of fire. It is for inspiration, 
intuition, creativity, change, sexual energy.
Its season is Summer. 
Its color is red.
Its astrological signs are Leo, Sagittarius, Aries.
Its altar symbols ar burning candles, incense, fire.

                     The Principle of Water
Coldness and shrinkage are the basic qualities associated with the Element 
of Water. In its active mode it is live giving, nurishing and protective. 
In its passive mode it is dividing.
It is the direction of Water is West. It represents emotions, love.
Its season is fall.
Its color is blue.
Its astrological signs are Scorpio, Pisces, Cancer.
Its altar symbols are the Bowl or Chalice of water, sea shells.

                      The Principle of Air
The Element of Air is related to both Fire and Water. It is the balance between 
the active and the passive activities of fire and water. Air has the dryness 
of fire and the humidity of water.
It is the direction of Air is East. It represents intellect, clarity of 
thought, messages.
Its season is spring.
Its color is yellow
Its astrological signs are Aquarius, Libra and Genimi.
Its altar symbols are feathers, empty bowl, smoke of the incense.

                     The Principle of Earth
The Element of Earth is related to the above 3, as it involves all of them 
in a solid form. The properties of Element Earth are heaviness, solidity, 
and closeness.
It is the direction of Earth is North. It represents material abundance, 
fertility, work, money.
Its season is Winter.
Its color is green or black.
Its astrological signs are Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn.
Its altar symbols are herbs, earth, stones crystals, flowers, money.

                    The Principle of Akasha
The Akasha, also known as "ether" or "life force", is the basic substance of 
the universe, and all the other Elements are derived from it. It pervades 
all, yet it is also "the Cause" of everything that exists. 



22.                   Lunar Phases and Magickal Work

                           Moon Myths

When people lived with Nature, the changing seasons had a great impact on 
religious ceremonies. The Moon was seen as a symbol of the Goddess. Because 
of this, the light of the Moon was considered magickal, and a source of energy. 
Wiccans often practice magick at a Full Moon to tap into this energy thought 
to exist at this time.Plutarch once said "Egyptian priests called the Moon
the "Mother of the Universe," because the moon, "having the light which makes 
moist and pregnant, is promotive of the generation of living beings" The 
Gnostic sect of Naassians believed in a primordial being known as "the heavely 
horn of the moon". The Moon was the Great Mother. Menos meant "Moon" and "power" 
to the Greeks. To the Romans, the morality of the Moon Goddess was above that 
of the Sun God.In many cultures the Moon Goddess and the Creatress were the 
same. Polynesians called the Creatress Hina, "Moon". She was the first woman,
and every woman is a wahine, made in the image of Hina. Scandinavians sometimes 
called the Creatress Mardoll, "Moon Shining Over the Sea".Ashanti people had 
a generic term used for all their deities, Boshun, meaning Moon. Sioux Native 
Americans call the moon The Old Woman Who Never Dies. Iroquois call her " 
Eternal One". Rulers in the Eritrean zone of South Africa held the Goddesses 
name "Moon". The Gaelic name of the Moon, gealach, came form Gala or
Galata, the original Moon-Mother of Gaelic and Gaulish tribes. Britain used 
to be called Albion, the milk-white Moon-Goddess. The Moon was called Metra, 
which means Mother , "whose love penetrated everywhere". In the Basque language, 
the words for deity and moon are the same.The root word for both "moon" and 
"mind" was the Indo-European manas, mana, or men, representing the Great Mother's 
"wise blood" in women, governed by the Moon. The derivative mania used to 
mean ecstatic revelation, like lunacy used to mean possession by spirit of 
Luna, the Moon. To be Moon-Touched or Moon-Struck meant to be chosen by the 
Goddess.When patriarchal thinkers belittled the Goddess, these words came to 
mean craziness.Orphic and Pythagorean sect viewed the Moon as the home of the 
dead, a female gate known as Yoni. Souls passed through on the way to the 
paradise fields of the stars. Greeks often located the the Elysian Fields, 
home of the blessed dead, in the moon. The shoes of Toman senators were 
decorated with ivory crescents to show that after death they would inhabit 
the Moon. Roman religion taught that "the souls of the just are purified in 
the Moon".Wearing the crescent was "visual worship" of the Goddess. That was 
why the prophet Isaiah denounced the women of Zion for wearing lunar
amulets. Because the moon was the holder of souls between reincarnations, it 
sheltered both the dead and unborn, who were one in the same. If a man dreams 
of his own image in the Moon, he would become the father of a son. If a woman 
dreamed of her own image in the Moon, she would have a daughter.The Moon 
Goddess created time, with all its cycles of creation, growth, decline,
and destruction. This is why ancient calendars were based on phases of the 
moon and menstrual cycles. The Moon still determines agricultural work in some 
parts of India. Indonesian moon priestesses were responsible for finding the 
right phase of the moon for every undertaking.The Moon was to have been the 
receptacle of menstrual blood by which each mother formed the life
of her child. This sacer, taboo moon-fluid kept even the Gods alive. The moon 
was "the cup of the fluid of life immortal, quickening the vegetable realm 
and whatsoever grows in the sub-lunar sphere, quickening also the immortals 
on high".The Moon was supposed to rule life and death as well as the tides. 
People living on the shores were convinced that a baby could only be born on 
an incoming tide and a person could not die util the tide went out. It was 
often said birth at a full tide or a full moon means a lucky life.Girls in 
Scotland refused to wed on anything but a Full Moon.Witches invoked their 
Goddess by "drawing down the Moon". It is said to be a rite dating
back to moon worship in Thessaly, centuries before the Christian era.

                             Esbats

Lunar holidays are also known as Esbats, but any Wiccan ritual held at any 
time other than a Sabbat is an Esbat.Due to the rotation of the earth, the 
Wiccan calendar contains 13 Full Moons and 8 Sabatts, also known as Days of 
Power. A full moon happens every 28 1/4 days.Full Moon energy is used for 
banishing unwanted influences, protection and divination. A Full Moon is also 
a good time for planning,releasing and working backwards in time. Full Moon 
Magic can be done for seven days, three days before the full moon and three 
days after the full moon.There are thirteen Full Moons. Each has a traditional 
name.
                                
Wolf Moon
January

Storm Moon
February
                               
Chaste Moon
March
                                
Seed Moon
April
                                
Hare Moon
May
                                
Dyad Moon
June
                                
Mead Moon
July
                                
Wyrt Moon
August
                                
Barly Moon
September
                                
Blood Moon
October
                                
Snow Moon
November
                                
Oak Moon
December
                                
                                
                           Blue Moon
                            variable
                                
The New Moon is used for personal growth, healing, the blessing of a new project 
etc. Between the New Moon and Full Moon is the phase called Waxing Moon. 
Magick for this phase includes attraction magick, increasing, growth, and gain. 
Between the Full Moon and New Moon is the phase called the Waning Moon. Magic 
for this phase includes banishing magick, such a losing negative emotions, 
bad habits etc.Three days before the New Moon is known as the Dark Moon,
as it is not visible in the sky. Traditionally, no magick is performed at this 
time. It is a time for rest.
Thanks to Barbara Walker and Silver RavenWolf among many others.



23.                       Making Bayberry Candles

Bayberrys are coated with a wax that may be used to make candles. The colonists 
of America found that the berries warmed in water released the wax. The wax 
separates from the berries and rises to the surface of the water. It may be 
skimmed off when cooled. The wax was commonly used to make hand dipped candles.
Five to eight pounds of berries yield one pound of wax.
Bayberry wax is available from craft suppliers.
The candles are long burning and rather brittle.

To make your own bayberry candles you will need:
Collected berries, sorted and rinsed
Candle mold or container
Wick or string dipped in hot wax and pulled taut to straighten
Cheesecloth
Small stick 
Tallow, beeswax or paraffin optional

Remove the berries from the branches, carefully picking them over. Place in 
a sieve and shake to remove dust. Put the collected berries in a container 
filled with water and place in a warm area, but not over direct heat. Let soak 
for 12-24 hours.
Then set in a cool area until the wax has formed a solid block. Remove the 
wax block from the container and brush off any remaining sediment. Place the 
wax in a clean container, again in a warm area, such as a gas oven with the 
pilot light on, until it melts. Pour the melted wax through a strainer into 
a cheesecloth lined bowl. Allow to harden once more. 
This time consuming process gives a pure wax. If you don't have the time, 
simply place the berries in a pot of boiling water, reduce the heat to simmer, 
and remove from the heat when the wax has floated to the top. Place the pot 
with its contents in a cool area and allow the wax to harden. Use the following 
instructions for both methods.
Use pure bayberry wax or augment with tallow, paraffin, or beeswax. The mold 
may be an antique taper mold or any can, carton or tin that will hold hot wax. 
Put the wick in the center by wrapping the end around a small stick and placing 
the stick across the top of the mold. Melt the wax over low heat in the top 
of a double boiler. Carefully pour the wax into the mold.
Place the mold upright in a cool spot until the candle has solidified. Remove 
the candle from the mold when the wax is completely hardened. If a disposable 
mold has been used, gently tear it away from the candle. If you are using a 
metal mold, run hot water briefly over the outside to loosen it.
For a fine finish rub the candle with a soft cloth.. A pure bayberry candle 
will not produce a light as bright as that of beeswax.
Tapered candles may be made by dipping a long wick into a deep vessel of melted 
wax several times. Allow to dry between dips. The candle may be as thin or 
as thick as you like. 
Candles made from any kind of wax burn longer and better if refrigerated for 
several hours before use.




24.                     Make a Witch's Ladder Charm

This charm can be of two varieties. One is a general purpose charm of protection 
and good luck, the other for a specific purpose.
 
                        Supplies needed
For a General Purpose Charm: A length of White Cord, A length of Red Cord, 
A length of Black
CordNine Feathers, each of a Different Color Red for physical vitality, 
Blue for mental abilities, peace and protection, Yellow for cheerfullness and 
prosperity, Green for growth and health, Brown for stability and respect, 
Black for mystical wisdom, Iridescent Black for mystical insight,
Barred Black, Grey or White for balance and harmony, Feathers with "eyes" 
such as peacock feathers for protection and inner clairvoyant vision. If it 
is possible, make the Ladder on the night of a Full Moon. Arrange your alter 
and cast a circle. Use about a yard of each color yarn. Tie the ends together 
and braid them together while you say:
 "Yarn of Red, Black, and White. Work Your magic spell this night."
Repeat this until the braid is finished. Braiding is a magickal act because 
it makes three strands into one. This represents the three aspects of the 
Goddess in one. Tie a knot at the end of the braid. Starting at about a foot 
from the begining of the braid, tie a feather with a knot around the base and 
say : (example a green feather) "With this feather and this string prosperity 
this charm will bring". Tie all nine feathers to the cord, spacing them as 
evenly as possible. Tie the ends of the cord together to form a circle. Pass 
the finished Ladder above a candle flame then incense smoke. Sprinkle it with 
consecrated water and say : "In the names of the Goddess and the God, By Air, 
Earth, Fire and Water I consecrate this charm of feathers nine and cord of 
three. As I will, so mote it be!" Hang the Ladder where it will not be seen 
by others but where you will see it every day. To make a Ladder for a specific
purpose, you need three feathers and one length of yarn braided into a cord in 
the color of your need.


25.                              Poppets

A poppets is a doll. It is the shape of a human that is used for magickal 
purposes. They are used in spells to help either you or someone else.
These dolls can be made from wood, cloth, clay, paper, or fabric.
To make a fabric poppet cut a human outline from two pieces of fabric with 
their right sides together. It does not need to be detailed. You can keep the 
hands and feet rounded. If the poppet is to represent you, use a piece of 
fabric from some of your old clothes.
Sew most of the figure with right sides together. Leave a small area unsewn. 
Turn it right side out and stuff. You may stuff the figure with batting, 
tissue, straw, paper, or whatever is handy. You may add herbs, a lock of hair 
or other personal effect. Sew the hole. You may add button eyes and decorate to 
personalize.

Do not make poppets of other people unless you have permission. Do not 
destroy the poppet. If it represents another person, give it to that person 
to keep it safe. If it was made for binding, bury it.